Children's Orthopaedics: Normal Growth and Development Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Children's Orthopaedics: Normal Growth and Development Deck (29)
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1
Q

in what directions do bones grow and where from?

A

longitudinally from the epiphyseal growth plate OR

circumferentially from the periosteum

2
Q

what is the process of longitudinal bone growth called?

A

enchondral ossification

3
Q

what is the process of circumferential bone growth called?

A

appositional growth

4
Q

what factors can contribute to short stature

A
diet
vitamin d and a
injury
illness
GH
genetics
5
Q

bones with the highest epiphyseal activity

A

shoulder

wrist

6
Q

common age for a child to stand?

A

8-12 months

7
Q

what age would a child normally be able to manage stairs alone

A

3

8
Q

what age is common for children to start saying their first words?

A

9-12 months

9
Q

what is genu varum

A

bow legged

10
Q

what is genu valgum

A

knock knees

11
Q

is it normal for a child under 2 to have genu varum

A

yes

12
Q

when would a genu varum be considered abnormal?

A

unilateral
>16 degrees away from normal
short stature
pain

13
Q

differential diagnoses for a pathological genu varum

A
skeletal dysplasia
rickets
tumour
blounts disease
physeal injury
14
Q

what is blounts disease?

A

growth arrest of medial tibial physis

15
Q

what does blounts disease show on x ray?

A

beak like protrusion

16
Q

tumours that may present with genu valgum?

A

enchondroma

osteochondroma

17
Q

conditions other than cancer that may be associated with genu valgum?

A

neurofibromatosis

rickets

18
Q

when would you consider surgery in a child with genu valgum?

A

> 8cm intermalleolar distance

19
Q

what is intoeing?

A

walking with toes pointed aka pigeon toed

20
Q

possible causes of intoeing?

A

femoral neck anteversion
internal tibial torsion
metatarsus adductus

21
Q

common clinical finding in femoral neck anteversion

A

patients can sit in W position

22
Q

what ages is internal tibial torsion common in?

A

toddlers - 1-3 yrs

23
Q

what should be done for internal tibial torsion

A

nothing, should resolve by itself by age 6

24
Q

what is metatarsus adductus

A

foot slants medially

25
Q

how common are flat feet?

A

1 in 5 adults have it

26
Q

how to tell the difference between fixed flat feet and flexible flat feet?

A

if you raise the foot and you see an angle its flexible

27
Q

which toes are most commonly affected by curly toes?

A

3rd and 4th

28
Q

who is most likely to get anterior knee pain

A

teenage girls

29
Q

why should the hips be checked in anterior knee pain?

A

hip problems can refer to the knee

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