Microbiology

Question 1

treatment for staph aureus

Answer 1

flucloxacillin

Question 2

treatment for staph epidermis

Answer 2

vancomycin

Question 3

treatment for gram negatives

Answer 3

doxycycline

clindamycin

Question 4

length of treatment for osteomyelitis

Answer 4

6 weeks

Question 5

where do you usually get osteomyelitis?

Answer 5

long bones

Question 6

what is osteomyelitis

Answer 6

inflammation of bone and medullary cavity

Question 7

best form of indirect diagnosis for osteomyelitis

Answer 7

MRI

Question 8

best form of direct diagnosis of osteomyelitis

Answer 8

bone biopsy (histology via surgical sample)
probe to bone test

Question 9

what would an area of visible bone and infection indicate?

Answer 9

osteomyelitis

Question 10

when would you suspect osteomyelitis in an ulcer?

Answer 10

> 2cm for >2months

Question 11

how to treat osteomyelitis?

Answer 11

remove infected tissue
drain
debride

Question 12

when would you give empiric antibiotics before you know the microbe?

Answer 12

sepsis

soft tissue infection

Question 13

causes of osteomyelitis

Answer 13

open fractures
diabetes/vascular insufficiency
prosthetic joint infection

Question 14

what does an open fracture look like?

Answer 14

bone has split, can usually see it

Question 15

when would you suspect an open fracture is infected?

Answer 15

poor wound healing
appearance
smell

Question 16

appearance of a diabetic foot?

Answer 16

ischaemia
claw-like toes curled
loss of sensation
cavus deformity under foot

Question 17

when does staph epi become problematic?

Answer 17

prosthetic limbs and hip replacements

Question 18

what would you give for osteomyelitis

Answer 18

flucloxacillin iv

Question 19

what would you give for osteomyelitis if someone was penicilin allergic

Answer 19

vancomycin iv

Question 20

what would you take for osteomyelitis when you are switching to oral antibiotics

Answer 20

doxycycline

Question 21

what would you give for gram negative cover of osteomyelitis

Answer 21

gentamicin

Question 22

who commonly gets haematogenou osteomyelitis

Answer 22

children
PWID
dialysis
elderly
IV lines

Question 23

what bacteria typically cause UTIs?

Answer 23

gram negs

Question 24

what bacteria typically cause mouth infections?

Answer 24

strep

Question 25

name a toxic enzyme produced by B haemolytic strep

Answer 25

haemolysin

Question 26

2 types of a-haemolytic strep?

Answer 26

strep pneumoniae | strep viridans

Question 27

name 2 unusual regions where osteomyelitis can occur

Answer 27

pubic region | clavicle

Question 28

what diseases can increase the risk of osteomyelitis

Answer 28

``` diabetes sickle cell gaucher's SAPHO CRMO ```

Question 29

do adults tend to get SAPHO or CRMO?

Answer 29

SAPHO

Question 30

symptoms of SAPHO/CRMO

Answer 30

``` fever weight loss malaise osteitis exacerbation ``` commonly in chest wall/pelvis

Question 31

common co-morbidity of vertebral osteomyelitis

Answer 31

psoas/vertebral abscess PWID GU infections post op

Question 32

what uncommon bacteria is common in sickle cell disease?

Answer 32

salmonella

Question 33

why do you have to be careful not to overlook vertebral osteomyelitis

Answer 33

many of them dont have a fever or insidious pain/tenderness

Question 34

is vertebral TB infectious?

Answer 34

no

Question 35

risk factors for infection of a prosthesis?

Answer 35

rheumatoid diabetes malnutrition obesity

Question 36

what would an early wound infection of a prosthesis be caused by?

Answer 36

haematoma | wound sepsis

Question 37

what would a late wound infection of a prosthesis indicate?

Answer 37

contamination at time of operation

Question 38

who gets brucellosis of the spine?

Answer 38

vets unpasteurised milk drinkers farmers

Question 39

how many vertebrae does TB typically affect?

Answer 39

2, causing them to collapse

Question 40

what would you treat prosthesis infection by coagulase negative staph with?

Answer 40

vancomycin | ciprofloxacin

Question 41

treatment for septic arthritis in adults

Answer 41

fluclox

Question 42

treatment for septic arthritis in children

Answer 42

fluclox | ceftriaxone

Question 43

which antibiotic covers haemophilus influenzae

Answer 43

ceftriaxone

Question 44

what do you give for septic arthritis if penicillin allergic

Answer 44

clindamycin

Question 45

bacteria responsible for tetanus

Answer 45

clostridium tetani

Question 46

what do c. tetani look like under microscope?

Answer 46

gram +ve anaerobic rods

Question 47

what does c. tetani do to body to cause paralysis

Answer 47

binds to inhibitory neurones preventing neurotransmitter release