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China Before Mao Flashcards

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1
Q

1911 Revolution

Why P

A

Empress Cixi opposed all demands for change, unpopular
Promised change in education, army, democracy
Country, unstable, demands for change increased, opportunity for revolution

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2
Q

1911 revolution

Why P2

A

Rise of Nationalism
Boxer Revolution, attempt to remove foreign influence
Crushed by EU forces, shows weakness of dynasty and dependence on EU

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3
Q

1911 Revolution

Why F

A

Taxes not taken in as much as they should
Bribery, corruption, money shortage in Govt
Relied on EU, Govt=inept

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4
Q

1911 Revolution

Why E

A

Worst harvest failure in 40 years
Unfair taxation on commercial class
Govt not helping, inept

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5
Q

1911 Revolution

Why E2

A

Railways, boom in railway construction with EU
Investment, prosperity
Govt nationalised railways
Concerned by extent of political and financial independence

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6
Q

Double 10th

A

Starts in Wuchang
Rebellion continues throughout the year
15/18 provinces vs Govt

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7
Q

What

Yuan Shikai

A

Military commander given position of PM work against rebels for PM
Ulterior motives, wants to see end of Pu Yi, become Emperor himself

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8
Q

1911 Revolution

Effects

A

Sun Yatsen in US invited back to be President, elected by rebels
Yuan Shikai had support of New Army
SY stood down, Yuan=President=control Republic
Pu Yi abdicated

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9
Q

Yuan as President

Where

A

Y=NC part, based in Beijing

SY=S part, based in Nanjing

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10
Q

Yuan as President

National Assembly

A 
Introduce democracy
Had elections
SY=43%
Y banned NA and GMD, only way to keep power
Dictatorship
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11
Q

Yuan as President

21 Demands

A

Japan wanted rights, control over factories, ports, railways
Or war
Y accepted=weak

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12
Q

Yuan as President

US Loans

A

Loans from US to help economy, condition
China had to recognise BR control over Mongolia, Tibet
Relied on other countries, lose land, control

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13
Q

Yuan as President

Emperor

A

Emperor, accepted the Mandate of Heaven, to strengthen his position
Renounced the throne

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14
Q

Warlords

A

A person with control over an area with an army to set up their own Govt

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15
Q

Problems with Warlords

A

No main Govt, factorial rivalries between leaders, self interested, set own taxes, policies

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16
Q

Life under warlords

A

Brutal, lived in fear
Poor, destructive army, unpopular
Christian General, Methodist, ended foot binding, brothels, disciplined army
Zhang Zong, Enjoyed splitting melons

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17
Q

May the 4th Movement

Why

A

1st protest after WW1, after Paris peace conference
Did not like peace JP accepted
1. Oppose giving Shangdong to JP
2. Awareness of CHN’s place to everyone
3. Recommend large scale gathering in Beijing
4. Promote creation of Beijing student union
5. Demonstrate to protest against terms of T of V

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18
Q

May the 4th Movement

What

A

Student reps from 13 local Unis
10000 students from Beijing, huge demonstration, spread throughout country
Students striked, merchants, workers protested
Newspapers spread message across country to Shanghai
Chancellors from 13 Unis, released student prisoners.
Merchants threatened to not pay tax

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19
Q

May the 4th Movement

Effects

A

Support pressurised Govt, added strength to revolution of ideas, New Tide, remove old fashioned ideas
Simplified Chinese, new ideas could be accessed by poor, uneducated
End foreign control in China

China did not have international authority to challenge treaties from Paris

General strike nearly devastated entire economy
Rep refused to sign peace treaty
Exhibited China’s social classes across the country to successfully collab given motivation and leadership
Heightened tension, strengthen Nationalist, increase support for revolutionary groups

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20
Q

GMD leader

A

SY

CK, trained 500 to unify C

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21
Q

GMD aims

A

Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy

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22
Q

GMD support

Study These Flashcards
A

Russia, C govt in power, shared socialist views
Neighbours help each other to be stable

RU support, towns without Warlords, Chiang controlled unified China from Nainjing

RU reliant

23
Q

GMD strategy and tactics

Study These Flashcards
A

F, M foreign aid from Abram Joffe, most able diplomat to reorganise GMD
Mass party, run with strict discipline, members show obedience to party choices
CCP members could join, both want Revolution
Michael Borodin, General Galen sent by RU, make army strong enough to fight WL, conquer CHN
CK start March to the North campaign support from people fed up of WL

24
Q

CCP leader

Study These Flashcards
A

Chen Duxui
22, 200
26, 7000
27, 58000

25
CCP Aims
C CHN, conc on peasants, 90% | Made sure they had adequate land, support land reforms
26
CCP support
Peasants promised land, support Large in number, support from RU, Comintern F Reliance on RU
27
Northern Expedition | Why
United Front to remove WL, hope that others would rise and support Whampoa Military Academy, 500 trained to overthrow WL, unify CHN
28
Northern Expedition | What
GMD army led by CCP, got Hankow, govt set up GMD got Nanjing, Nationalist govt, SCHN=GMD land Chiang occupied Beijing Political agents, got support from people 'national revolution' WL surrendered, armies mutinied, joined GMD. CCP worked with captured cities, organised trade unions, help peasants remove WL Poor peasants believed propaganda promises
29
Northern Expedition | Effect
CHN reunified, GMD accepted by foreign powers No more common aim of conquering S and N No more unified front, led to Shanghai Massacres
30
Shanghai Massacres | Why
CK did not want an alliance with C, C=popular in rural areas GMD army approached Shanghai, workers rebelled against WL led by Zhou Enlai and C who set up the C Council to run the city
31
Shanghai Massacres | What
GMD arrived, took over streets, rounded up all C Killed 10000 to eliminate them GMD wants Shanghai
32
Shanghai Massacres | Effects
Chiang also crushed C in Guangzhou, excecuting them, forcing them to flee Autumn Harvest uprising by CCP, peasant army of 10000. Troops easily scattered, Mao fled C retreated to countryside in Jianxi and Hunan. CK controlled cities, head of govt in Nanjing, C power diminished
33
Nationalist China | Control
1/3 land 2/3 pop 1/3 CCP survived, CK never had full control GMD not party of the masses
34
Nationalist China | Main Aims
Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy | Rule by democratic centralism
35
Nationalist China | Reform E
Banks reorganised Shanghai stock exchange =>international financial markets Help financial stability Develop transport links, land reforms for peasants
36
Nationalist China | S
Increase standard of education | Poverty not solved, peasants not helped
37
Nationalist China | M
Modernise army, support of DE Blue shirts, 180000 Use cohesion, oppression to keep control
38
Nationalist China | P
Modernise civil service Improve quality of govt Make special admin department
39
Nationalist China | Moral
New Life Movement, Confucian values, moral code for people | GMD funded by Green Gang, biggest drug gang
40
Nationalist China | Opposition
Extermination campaigns | Not successful until 1934
41
Nationalist China | Foreigners
Reassertion of control over foreign controlled areas. | Try to force legations to use CHN law
42
Jianxi Soviet | Rights of women
Mao outlawed arranged marriages
43
Jianxi Soviet | Army
Fustian incident, 2 moth purge of opponents in RA, spies suspected 3000 officers tortured and executed Mao, hard line RCm repaired to take action towards potential spies
44
Jianxi Soviet | Land policies
Land law to divide land for peasants RA used to take land from landlords, distribute amongst peasants Millions recieve land, give CCP support Opposition had crops taken away, taxed more
45
Jianxi Soviet | Taxes
Land taxes reduced Peasants councils set up to voice opinions Increases support for CCP
46
Jianxi Soviet | RA
Strict discipline, 11000 members Trained guerilla tactics Eight rules, discipline, obedience Supported by army, guerilla helped them survive GMD
47
Extermination Campaigns | Aims
Remove the CCP
48
Extermination Campaign | Tactics
GMD Move in with force with army many times (5x) ``` CCP Guerilla Enemy advances, we retreat Enemy halts, we trouble them Enemy seeks to avoid battle, we attack Enemy retreats, we pursue ```
49
Extermination Campaign | Effects
GMD, first 4, not successful Entered C territory, capture and killed 1 men peasants CCP, Mao called a coward
50
The Long March Why GMD
Von Seeckt's plan Surround Jianxi Soviet with 1/2 men troops, advance slowly, building blockhouses, barbed wire, trenches, to stop movements into and out Soviet, starve them of food, fuel, munition, weapons CCP, lost over 1/2 of land, 60000 killed
51
The Long March Why CCP
Otto Braun defend Soviet borders, fight GMD head on Mao expelled from being leader by Braun Not a success Mao wanted RA ro break through lines, attack GMD from behind. Braun planned retreat, RA to break through block house line
52
Long March | What
87000 break out Take all equipment needed to set up Soviet elsewhere, 6 weeks to escape Met GMD at Xian river, 450000 RA men died= half of RA lost. Braun blamed of misconduct, slowed them down, in line, GMD anticipated attack Reached Zunyi, better tactics made Braun suspended, military control=>Mao and Zhu De Route split in series of directions, turning and reforming S, destination=Yanan, Hubei 386 days, 10000 out of 80000 lived, through hunger, attacks and disease Reached Yanan, 9000km, 2nd+4th=80000 men
53
Long March | Effect
Mao=leader Found new secure Soviet base Popularity increased Huge loss of life
54
China vs Japan | United Front
Japan invaded Manchuria to expand Pu Yi given control Many wanted CK to declare war on JP, CK did not want a confrontation. J in 6N provinces CCP wants United Front, CK wants to remove CCP, 6th extermination CK wants troops to fight CCP but they want to fight JP CCP+GMD at Xian, alliance CK imprisoned for 2wks until he agreed

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