China Under Mao

Question 1

Problems

Answer 1

P, C had to prove that govt=strong, remove opposition
E, Poor ind prod, poor food prod, rapid inflation
S, Peasants, illiterate, against modern ideas
I, US saw GMD as leader
F, inflation=1000%, Ec=dire from wars since 1937

Question 2

Ag reasons for change

Answer 2

Prod affected by war
Industrialised country needs more food and increased production
More men in urban, fewer working on land, increased production

Question 3

Agrarian land reforms

Answer 3

Speak bitterness campaign, criticise landlords, take land
40%=> poor peasants
2-4mn landlords killed
Peasants did not have money for equipment

Question 4

Mutual Aid teams

Answer 4

Groups of 10 households share animals, tools, does not increase production

Question 5

Cooperatives

Answer 5

Groups of more families, increase production
Lower stage coops, 30-50 families share equipment
Higher stage coops, 200-300 families
Targets set by govt, land owned by govt
State paid wages

Question 6

Effects of agricultural reforms

Answer 6

Increase production, specialisation of crops, pool resources, economies of scale
97% in coops, 300mn peasants benefit, peasants paid some profit
Production increase was not as high as anticipated, peasants landless, internal passports restricted peasant movement, 2-4mn landlords lost land and lives, forced state collectivisation

Question 7

Industrial reasons for change

Answer 7

M wants ind society to compete with nations

Limit ind output, small scale

Question 8

Infrastructure

Answer 8

Rebuilt, extended for coal transport to new ind areas

Rial to Shanghai rebuilt to encourage trade links

Question 9

5 Year plan

Answer 9

Planners choose prod levels, centrally organised
Ministries controlled coal, electricity, iron, prod
RU experts helped C scientists

Question 10

Effects of industrial reforms

Answer 10

Exceeded targets for 5YP, urban population increased, coal 2x, elec 4x, 1.2 mn bikes, completed Tiananmen Square, Ec increased 9%/year, Yangtze had bridge, all ind in state control

Not all targets met, 1.2 mn bikes was not enough, light industry not looked after, textiles prod decreased, ind state owned

Question 11

Financial reasons for change

Answer 11

Inflation=1000%

Ec dire from wars

Question 12

Financial changes

Answer 12

New currency (yuan)
Public expenditure decrease
People’s Bank made

Question 13

Effects of financial change

Answer 13

Within a year, inflation=15%

State controlled banking system

Question 14

Reasons for social reforms

Women

Answer 14

Traditional role of women had to change, needed in workforce, increase production women expected to be subservient to husbands, Mao wants egalitarian society

Question 15

1930 Marriage Law

Answer 15

W=M, child marriage prohibited, end of dowries, arranged marriage, divorce on equal terms

Question 16

Footbinding

Answer 16

Ended

Question 17

Effects of social reforms

Answer 17

Equality, W=M

Divorce hard to get, trad>important, little change in rural areas

Question 18

Reasons for social reforms

Education

Answer 18

Had to progress, literacy rate=20%

Question 19

Literacy

Answer 19

Pinyin standardised,

Question 20

Effects of education reforms

Answer 20

Indoctrinate C into CHN

Question 21

Reasons for social reforms

Health

Answer 21

Healthy workforce needed

Question 22

Health reforms

Answer 22

Spitting banned, spread disease

Check cleanliness of homes, vaccinations

Question 23

Effects of health reforms

Answer 23

Healthy, clean society

Question 24

Political changes

Answer 24

Removal of other parties

Question 25

Thought reform

Answer 25

``` Self reliance, continuing revolution, class struggle Learn from people, mass mobilisation ```

Question 26

3 Anti Movement

Answer 26

Target waste, corruption, inefficiency

Question 27

5 Anti Movement

Answer 27

Vs industrial sabotage, tax evasion, bribery, fraud, theft of govt property

Question 28

Repression and terror

Answer 28

Repress opposition, propaganda, purge opposition, labour camps, targets for no of execution to instil fear

Question 29

100 Flowers | Why

Answer 29

Remove opposition, find out what people thought after 5YP

Question 30

100 Flowers | What

Answer 30

Free discussion, criticise govt and CCP, critics make of corrupt, inefficient, unrealistic policies

Question 31

100 Flowers | Effects

Answer 31

Free speech=healthy, control= easier CCP strengthened and unchallenged Lots of criticism, critics forced to retract views, 1/2-3/4 party reeducated Anti rightist movement created to challenge opposition

Question 32

Agricultural reasons for GLF

Answer 32

Peasants in coops, specialisation in crops began, targets set, backwards production

Question 33

Industrial reasons for GLF

Answer 33

Large scale ind, increased production, all targets not met, USSR reliant, Xenophobic

Question 34

Economic reasons for GLF

Answer 34

Ec, backwards, Mao wants revolution, inspire C Wants C=Br in 15 years C=US in 20 years Ind output increased 1/3, wanted to be an industrial society, independent from USSR

Question 35

Agricultural change during the GLF

Answer 35

Collective farms into 24000 communes around 30000 people each People into brigades of 1000-2000 people, team of works of 50-200 By 1958, all peasants in communes, living communally Close planting of crops, terraced planting

Question 36

Industrial change during the GLF

Answer 36

Higher targets, local planning and organisation, communal factories made cement, chemical fertiliser, 600000 backyard steel furnaces, 11mn tonnes produced, 65% increase (49% increase from backyards) state owned enterprises, guaranteed wages, no profit

Question 37

Agricultural effects of GLF

Answer 37

1958 harvest, actual=250mn, Mao=430mn Targets appeared to be met, yield decreased, stats exaggerated, afraid of failure No incentives, 74000 coops=>26000 communes, too big Exports continued, production decreased Floods and droughts caused famine. 30-40mn died 59-62 Propaganda of Dachau achieved by army

Question 38

Industrial effects of the GLF

Answer 38

49% of steel from backyard furnaces, useless Increase in urban population affected rural, fewer work on land, targets not set on sound economic analysis No incentives, production decreased USSR experts sent to R, C needed expertise, raw material produced, not manufactured due to lack of skills Rationing in cities, heavy industrial output decreased by 65%

Question 39

Why did the GLF fail

Answer 39

Natural disasters affected output Soviet experts returned to USSR, leaving a gap in skills, not enough qualified C to replace them Mao did not consider practical problems of GLF, rejected revisionist ideas, was not necessary for economic advancement

Question 40

Political change after GLF

Answer 40

Mao resigned as Head of State, still Chairman Liu Shaoqui- President Zhou Enlai- PM Deng Xiaoping- general secretary

Question 41

Economic change after GLF | Agricultural

Answer 41

Free market, small plots of land given back to peasants, profits, sell excess 1967 grain production=1957

Question 42

Economic change after GLF | Industrial

Answer 42

Focus more on light industry, woks made, end of communal canteen, realistic targets set, incentives

Question 43

Economic change after GLF | Leaders

Answer 43

Liu, Deng Mao Split in party on how ec should progress Mao wants pure C

Question 44

Reasons for CR

Answer 44

Power struggle between M+opponents, policies criticised, position weakened Mao wants to remove opponents like Deng, Liu, to purify communism Education and culture must be focused on revolutionary activity, less academic

Question 45

CR What Four Olds

Answer 45

Started by RG, vs old ideas, culture, habits

Question 46

CR What RG

Answer 46

Start 4 old campaign, express criticism in posters, march in Beijing, attacked anything capitalist, targeted authority figures, police told not to oppose them

Question 47

CR What Propaganda

Answer 47

RG formed under 'We are the critics of the old world, builders of the new', 740mn red books with Mao's thought published Statues+portraits of M, Loudspeakers, songs, rallies in TS Mao swan 24km in Yangtze from Wuhan

Question 48

CR What Schools and Unis

Answer 48

In Beijing shut down, 6 months to rewrite curriculum, make people aware of C ideas Teachers targeted in attacks

Question 49

CR What Madam Mao

Answer 49

Persuaded Mao to get RG to attack Lin Biao, head of state | Assaulted him, forced him to write a confession, expelled from party, refused medical treatment, died

Question 50

CR What Western culture

Answer 50

RG shaved off Western hairstyles, ripped off Western clothes, smashed windows with Western merch, burnt bookshops, libraries, close museums, art galleries, British Embassy stormed by RG

Question 51

Effects of the CR

Answer 51

Out of control, 1000s of innocent people murdered RG divided into factions, PLA restored order, 5-12mn RG sent to the countryside for reeducation, up the mountains and down the villages Schools closed fro a year, affected edu, exams, future qualifications, 130mn not in school during CR Industry ransacked, production decline by 14%, agriculture not as badly affected

Question 52

Mao and Liu

Answer 52

Liu names successor but doubted him, removed his suppporters | Liu, Project 571 to overthrow Mao, failed, died in plane crash

Question 53

Gang of 4

Answer 53

3 radicals+Mrs Mao, follow Mao Have support of the C Youth League Continue power struggle

Question 54

Moderates

Answer 54

Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping Support of CCP and PLA Modernization

Question 55

Rise of the Gang of 4

Answer 55

Tributes to Zhou removed to stop support by Lefts, Riots in support of Deng, Deng blamed dismissed EXpected to succeed Mao, Hua Gofeng=PM

Question 56

Fall of the Gang of 4

Answer 56

Hua used the Politburo, each member entered at a different time and arrested, trial, charged with attempt to overthrow govt Accused of planned assassination, life imprisonment

Question 57

Return to moderates

Answer 57

Gained control of China, | Deng, Deputy PM, Deputy Chairman