CHLORIDE

Question 1

COUNTERION of sodium

Answer 1

Chloride

Question 2

average concentrations of Chloride in Skeletal Muscles:

Answer 2

2 to 5 mmol/L

Question 3

average concentrations of Chloride in Erythrocytes:

Answer 3

90 mmol/L

Question 4

Average concentrations of Chloride in Plasma:

Answer 4

97 to 107 mmol/L

Question 5

It has rate limiting component of sodium

Answer 5

Chloride

Question 6

Functions of Chloride

Answer 6

-Serum electroneutrality
-acid-base balance
-fluid homeostasis
-osmotic pressure
-hydrochloric acid production in the GIT
-renal function

Question 7

It has a general characteritics of principal extracellular anion and COUNTERION of sodium

Answer 7

Chloride

Question 8

It is the way in serum when sodium along with chloride in the proximal tubules.

Answer 8

Electroneutrality

Question 9

2 ways of Electroneutrality in Serum

Answer 9

(1) Sodium is reabsorbed along with Chloride in the Proximal Tubules.
(2) Chloride Shift Phenomenon

Question 10

Formation is dependent on renal excretion of hydrogen ions.

Answer 10

Bicarbonate

Question 11

Normal Values of Chloride in Serum and 24-hour urine.

Answer 11

Serum: 98-107mmol/L
24-hour urine: 110-250 mmol/L

Question 12

Normal value of Bicarbonate in Plasma

Answer 12

22-26 mmol/L

Question 13

Excess Chloride intake in Hyperchloremia

Answer 13

-Hypertonic saline administration
-Increased Dietary acid load with chronic kidney dysfunction

Question 14

Excessive water loss in Hyperchloremia

Answer 14

-Fever
-Diaphoresis(excessive sweating)
-Decreased water intake
-Decreased thirst sensation
-Diabetes insipidus
-Osmotic type of diarrhea
-Renal dysfunction

Question 15

What are the Primary Measured Cations?

Answer 15

-Sodium
-Potassium

Question 16

What are the Primary Measured Anions?

Answer 16

-Chloride
-Bicarbonate

Question 17

T/F:
Normally, the total number of cations should be less than to the total number of anions.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

(T/F)
The total number of cations and total number of Anions has an overall neutral electrical charge.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What are the Hypochloremia?

Answer 19

• Gastrointestinal loses from protected emesis(vomiting)
  -Secretion type of diarrhea
  -Use of Thiazide diuretics ( cardiovascular px)
  -Osmotic diuretic therapy (neurologically injured px)
  -Chronic Renal Failure
• Adrenal sufficiency

Question 20

When potassium is not included, what would be the expected value?

Answer 20

7 to 16 mmol/L

Question 21

When potassium is included, What would be the expected value?

Answer 21

10 to 20 mmol/L

Question 22

Formula of anion gap without potassium

Answer 22

[Na+]-[(Cl^-)+(HCO3)]

Question 23

Formula of Anion gap with potassium

Answer 23

(Na^+ + K^+) - ( Cl^- + HCO3)

Question 24

Clinical Significance of Anion gap

Answer 24

Chloride should always substitute bicarbonate (Increased Anion Gap & Decreased Anion Gap)

Question 25

What are the Increased anion gap?

Answer 25

1. Uremia(renal failure) 2. Ketoacidosis 3. Poisoning due to ingestion of toxic substances 4. Lactic acidosis 5. severe dehydration 6. Instrument error

Question 26

What are the toxic substances that may be poisoning due to ingestion?

Answer 26

-Methanol -Ethanol -Ethylene glycol -Salicylate

Question 27

What are the decreased Anion Gap

Answer 27

1. Hyperalbuminemia 2. Severe hypercalcemia 3. Multiple myeloma 4. Instrument error

Question 28

Formation of Bicarbonate:

Answer 28

Carbon Dioxide + Water <—> ^carbonic ahydrase <—> Carbonic acid<—> Bicarbonate + Hydrogen ion CO2+H20 <—> H2CO3 <—> HCO3^- + H^+