CHP 1 Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
Anatomical Position
A
Standing erect
Face, eyes, and feet directed forward
Arms by the side of the body
Palms of the hands facing forward
2
Q
Divides body into equal left and right halves
A
median or sagittal plane
3
Q
Divides body into front or back
A
frontal plane
4
Q
Divides body into upper and lower parts
A
Transverse/horizontal plane
5
Q
Superior/cranial vs
inferior/caudal
A
cranial- above
caudal- below
6
Q
medial
A
medial- toward midline
7
Q
lateral
A
away from midline
8
Q
proximal
A
toward midline
9
Q
distal
A
away from midline
10
Q
ventral
A
abdominal
11
Q
dorsal
A
behind
12
Q
prone
A
laying on faceside
13
Q
supine
A
laying on back
14
Q
moving toward a structure
A
afferent
15
Q
moving away from a structure
A
efferent
16
Q
somatic
A
pertaining to the body wall
17
Q
Visceral
A
pertaining to organs
18
Q
splanchnic
A
pertaining to organs
19
Q
parietal
A
pertaining to the body wall
20
Q
Perikaryon
A
Cell body of neuron
21
Q
Perikaryon contains
A
nucleus and other organelles that form neurotransmitters
22
Q
What in the neuron carry out cell processes
A
dendrites
axons
23
Q
Dendrites
A
A lot of them
Short
Highly branched
24
Q
what is the receptor surface of a neuron
A
dendrite
25
What carry nerve impulses toward the cell body
dendrites
26
How do dendrites carry impulses toward the cell body
afferent
27
Axons
are a single process with many branches
28
What carry impulses away from the body?
axons
29
How do axons carry impulses away from the body
efferently
30
also know as nerve fibers
axons
31
Are axons myelinated or unmyelinated
both
| May be myelinated by Schwann cells in the PNS or unmyelinated
32
How are neurons classified
- Number of cell processes
- size of the cell
- speed of conduction
- Modality
33
What neuron carries info from the central nervous system (efferent) to peripheral muscles; causing contractions?
Motor neuron
34
What neuron carry sensations (pain and temperature) to the central nervous system (afferent)
Sensory nerves
35
What is a multipolar neuron
Multiple dendrites
| One axon
36
Pseudounipolar neuron
Single process splits into peripheral and central processes
37
Are all pseudounipolar neurons sensory?
Yes
38
Are all multipolar neurons motor?
No. Depending on location, these neurons can be motor or sensory.
39
What are nerve fibers
individual nerve processes
40
What are nerve Fascicle
bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by layers of connective tissue
41
Are nerves contained by motor or sensory fibers?
both
42
What fibers are surrounded by concentric layers of membranes of the Schwann cell
myelinated nerve fibers
43
what surround the axxon
multiple cells
schwann cell
and myelin
44
what does myelination do
affects the impulses speed of conduction
45
Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers are made up of a
Thin layer on the surface of the axon
46
what is the thin layer on the surface of an axon
unmyelinated nerve fibers
47
What nerves are unmyelinated
sensory nerves
48
Organization of the nervous system
CNS (brain and spinal cord) to the
PNS to the
Efferent fibers to the
Autonomic Nervous System and the Somatic nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System to the
sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral)
49
What fibers bring nerves back to the peripheral nervous system
afferent
50
Spinal Cord is made up of
white matter on the outside and gray matter on the inside
51
Gray matter in the spinal cord has what structures
Ventral horn
Dorsal horn
Intermediolateral cell column
52
If the ventral horn and intermediolateral cell column have a motor function, what type of neurons are located in these areas?
Multipolar neurons
53
Which nervous system activates what is often termed the fight of flight response.
Sympathetic
54
Which nervous system functions to regulate the body’s unconscious actions
The autonomic nervous system
55
what nervous systems are a part of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
56
rest and digest system are a part of what nervous system
Parasympathetic system
57
Which nervous system conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract.
Parasympathetic
58
Which nervous system responsible for stimulation of activities that occur when the body is at rest especially after eating, ex:salivation,lacrimation, digestion, defecation
parasymathetic
59
Dorsal root ganglion contains what neurons
Contains pseudo- unipolar neurons
60
What does the dorsal root do
connects the dorsal horn to the sensory neuron
| receives stimulus from receptors
61
Ventral root
supplies the muscle with nerves
62
Branches of a Spinal Nerve
1) Ventral primary ramus
2) Dorsal primary ramus
3) Gray communicating ramus
4) White communicating ramus
5) Meningeal ramus
63
What connects the head and trunk
Neck
64
What connects oral cavity to the stomach
Esophagus
65
What connects the nasal cavities to the lungs
Trachea
66
Cavities of the head
Cranial cavity
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
67
What is the muscle of mastication
Temporalis muscle
68
What region of the head is the Temporalis muscle in
Temporal Fossa
69
What region of the head are the muscles of mastication and
| Temporomandibular joint
Intratemporal fossa
70
What encircles the neck
Investing fascia
71
Musculofascial collar of the fascia in the neck does what
Rotates the neck
72
Muscular compartment of the fascia in the neck
| does what
Movements of the hyoid bone
73
Visceral compartment of the fascia in the neck does what
Respiratory, digestive, and endocrine organs
74
Neurovascular compartment of the fascia in the neck does what?
Contains
| Major arteries, veins, and nerves of the neck
75
Vertebral compartment
| of the fascia in the neck does what
Intrinsic muscles of the neck
76
Rami
| Ramus
Branches
| Branch of spinal cord
77
Lymphatic system
tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials
78
Nervous system
nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body
79
What are examples of somatic/parietal structures?
Skin, bones, skeletal muscle, and the body wall.
80
What are examples of visceral/splanchnic structures?
Lungs, heart, glands, organs of the gastrointestinal tract, etc.
81
Which body system coordinates and regulates bodily activities such as movement, respiratory & cardiac rate
nervous
82
the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system
Neuron
83
Referred to as nerve fibers
axons
84
Nerves can be contained by what fibers
both motor and sensory fibers
85
Cables that connect the central nervous system to the peripheral structures (i.e., muscles, glands, and viscera)
Peripheral nerves
86
Bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by layers of connective tissue
Fascicles
87
Surrounded by concentric layers of membranes of the Schwann cell
Myelinated nerve fiber
88
Dorsal median sulcus
a narrow midline cleft on the dorsal surface
89
Ventral median fissure
a broader midline cleft on the ventral surface
90
Gray matter:
a cluster of perikaya (nerve cell bodies); H-shape
91
White matter:
area of myelinated nerves in fresh tissue surrounding grey matter
92
Ventral horn of the gray matter
the lower arms; contains the alpha motor neurons. Innervates skeletal muscles of the trunk
93
Dorsal horn of gray matter
the upper arms; sensory nerves that relay info to the brain
94
Intermediolateral cell column of gray matter
the thoracis and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord between T1 & L2; triangular shaped extension of the gray matter
95
The spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord by a series of two pairs of rootlets:
the Dorsal & Ventral roots
96
Dorsal root
back of spinal nerves
97
What part of the spinal cord is the sensory root component
Dorsal root
98
Contains pseudo- unipolar neurons (cell bodies) on the spinal cord?
dorsal root ganglion
99
What receives stimulus from receptors on the spinal cord
dorsal root
100
Ventral root is where on the spinal cord
front
101
where does the ventral root attach
to the ventral horn
102
what part of the spinal cord is the motor root component
ventral root
103
What part of the spinal cord contains axons of the alpha motor neurons
Ventral root
104
What part of the spinal cord
| Innervates muscles
ventral root
105
All spinal branches have at least how many branches
4
106
Meningeal ramus:
provides protective coverings of the spinal cord; contains sensory nerve fibers. The RDH is not generally concerned with this nerve in clinical practice
107
12 pairs of peripheral nerves that mostly arise from the brain and the brain stem
cranial nerves
108
supply motor fibers to muscle and sensory fibers to the skin, BUT contain fibers for the 5 special senses
cranial nerves
109
5 special senses come from which nerves and are
```
Cranial nerves
See
Taste
Smell
Hear
Maintain equilibrium
```
110
Comprise the nerves for the parasympathetic nervous system
cranial nerves
111
what nerves are specific in function
cranial nerves
112
What cavity contains the cochlear (hearing) & vestibular apparatus (equilibrium)
Tympanic cavity
113
The skull is divided into what cavities and protect
a cranial vault (encases the brain) &
The facial skeleton (serves as the attachment site for the muscles of mastication).
The cavities protect vital and sensory organs.
114
The command center of the body
head
115
Between the cheek bone and the ear lies the _____
zygomatic arch;
116
the zygomatic arch separates the
Temporal fossa
| Intratemporal fossa
117
Temporomandibular joint is found
Intratemporal fossa
118
Contains blood supply to oral cavity
Intratemporal fossa
119
Muscles of mastication
Intratemporal fossa
Temporal fossa
Temporalis muscle
120
a tubular constriction that connects the head to the trunk of the body
the neck
121
Investing fascia
(outermost sheath) encircles the neck
122
intrinsic muscles of the neck means
Muscles found exclusively in the neck
123
What are all the cranial nerves
```
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocohlear
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglossal
```
124
Nerve I
name
function
1 olfactory-smell
125
Nerve II
name
function
2 optic -vision
126
Nerve III
name
function
3 Oculomotor
eyemovement
pupil constriction
127
Nerve IV
name
function
4 Trochlear
| eye movement
128
Nerve V
| name function
5 Trigeminal
motor muscles of mastecation
sensory of face, mouth and teeth
anterior 2-3 of tongue
129
Nerve VI
| name function
6 Abducens
| Eye movement
130
Nerve VII
| name function
7 Facial
facial expression
taste to anterior two thirds of tongue and soft palate
visceral
131
Nerve VIII
| Name function
8 Vestibulocochlear
| Hearing, equilibrum, and balance
132
Nerve IX
| Name Function
9 Glossopharyngeal
| Motor to the pharynx, pharyngeal sensation, sensation and taste to the posterior one-third of tongue
133
Nerve X
| Name and function
10 Vagus
| motor to larynx, pharynx, palate, visceral sensation, motor of thorax and abdominal
134
Nerve XI
| Name and function
11 Accessory
| motor to two muscle neck
135
Nerve XII
| Name function
12 Hypoglossal
| Motor to tongue
136
afferent means
going towards a structure
137
efferent means
going away from a structure
138
terms used to refer to organs
visceral or splanchic
139
terms used to refer to the body wall
parietal or somatic
140
what coordinates and regulates bodily activities
nervous system
141
neuron that is sensory only
multipolar
142
neuron that is sensory and motor
pseudounipolar
143
individual nerve processes are referred to as
nerve fiber
144
bundles of nerve fibers form what
fascicles
145
several fascicles form what
a peripheral nerve
146
what form myelin
several schwann cells wrap their membranes around the axon to form myelin
147
what are nerve fibers called that are surrounded by a single membranous layer
unmylinated
148
what nerves are faster? Myelinated or unmyelinated
Myelinated
149
CNS is made up of what
brain and spinal cord
150
which part of the nerve system is sensory
afferent (PNS)
151
which part of the nerve system is motor
efferent (PNS)
152
efferent division of the nervous system is divided into
somatomotor- voluntary
| automatic- involuntary
153
which part of the body has both spinal and cranial nerves
the neck
154
what is the gray matter in the spinal cord made up of
perikaryon
155
which part of the spinal cord relays info to the brain
dorsal horns (upper arms)
156
which part of the spinal cord innervates skeletal muscle
ventral horns (lower arms)
157
the gray matter of the spinal cord is surrounded by
mylinated nerve fibers (White area)
158
what lies within the inetrmediolateral cell column of the spinal cord
ventral horns which contain alpha motor neurons and autonomic neurons
159
which part of the spinal cord contains pseudounipolar neurons
dorsal root
160
all spinal nerves have how many rami
four rami means branches
161
what does the tympanic cavity contain
```
cochlear (hearing)
vestibular apparatus (equalibrium)
```
162
what is the skin and muscle region that covers the facial skeleton called
superficial face
163
between the cheek bone and ear lies a bony arch called
the zygomatic arch
164
this arch separates the temporal fossa from the infratemporal fossa
zygomatic arch
165
why is the infratemporal fossa important for dentistry?
because it contains
muscles of mastication
blood vessels
nerves (tongue and teeth)
166
The neck is divided into compartments by?
CT called fascia
167
The outermost sheath of the neck is called
investing fascia
168
the investing fascia encloses
two superficial muscles of the neck
169
what form the musculofascial collar of the neck
investing fascia
| two superficial muscles
170
The muscular compartment of the neck contains
the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, trachea, and thyroid and parathyroid gland
171
the neurovascular compartment in the neck, lateral to the visceral compartment houses
major arteries/veins
lymphatic vessels
nerves
172
the visceral compartment of the neck contains
```
pharynx
larynx
espohagus tract
thyroid
parathyroid
```
173
The vertebral compartment of the neck contains
cervical vertebrae
| intrinsic muscles
174
what compartment of the neck allows for flexion, extension and rotation of the neck
the vertebral compartment that contains the intrinsic muscles
