Chp 2 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Bone
A
- Mineralized connective tissue
- Rigid and bears weight
- Changes shape with pressure
2
Q
Cartilage
A
- Firm, but nonmineralized
- Limited weight-bearing
3
Q
Functions of Bone
A
Attachment-muscle to bone
Protection- protect organs
Support- for the body in gen. and teeth
Storage-store calcium and bone marrow
4
Q
The phalanges are short in length. Why are they called long bones?
A
Long bones have a narrow diaphysis, or shaft, for the attachment of muscles, and epiphyses for the articulation of synovial joints.
5
Q
What is the function of short bones?
A
Increase mobility of hands and feet
6
Q
Example of irregular bones
A
Zygomatic bone
Maxillary bone
7
Q
Examples of Spongy bone
A
Trabeculae
Marrow cavity
8
Q
The skulls compact bone is called
A
cortical plates
9
Q
Inbetween the outer and inner cortical plates are
A
spongy bone called dipole
10
Q
compact bone
A
dense outer layer or lamellae
11
Q
spongy bone
A
composed of thin layers of trabeculae
forms central medullary region
filled with fat and blood forming tissue called bone marrow
12
Q
Joints are
A
contact points or articulation between bones
13
Q
Joints are classified according to
A
the way the bones are united
14
Q
Types of joints
A
fibrous
cartilagonous
synovial
15
Q
Examples of fibrous joints
A
sutures
gomphosis
16
Q
What type of joint are sutures and what kinds are there
A
Fibrous joints
Coronal
Squamous
Lamboid
17
Q
What type of joint is gomphosis and what is it
A
Fibrous
Joint that attaches teeth
18
Q
What connective tissue binds the teeth to the bone?
A
Periodontal ligament
19
Q
What is the difference between a synchondrosis and a synostosis?
A
Synchondrosis is the cartilaginous growth plate between bones.
Once the bone has stopped growing the cartilage is replaced by bone, and the joint is called a synostosis.
20
Q
Types of cartilaginous joints
A
Synchondrosis
symphysis
21
Q
Symphysis
A
Fibrocartilage disc joins the bodies of the vertebrae
22
Q
Synchondrosis is responsible for
A
forming the growth plate aka the length of a bone
23
Q
synostosis happens
A
once we hit puberty and the diaphysis and epiphyses fuse forming an articulation
24
Q
In addition to joining the bodies of the vertebrae, what is another
A
Acts as a shock absorber
25
Synovial joints
are...
held together by...
are fully movable joints
| held together by a fluid filled fibrous capsule that contains an articular cartilage and synovial membrane/fluid
26
is the most abundant joint in the body.
synovial joint
27
The fibrous capsule of the synovial joint is lined internally by a
synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
28
The articular surface of each bone is covered by hyaline cartilage that is referred to as
articular cartilage
29
What bones make up the cranial vault or neurocranium?
```
Frontal bone
Parietal bones (2)
Occipital bone
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
```
30
What two parts is the neurocranium divided into
Calvaria and cranial base
31
Calvaria is
skullcap or dome structure that covers the superior surface of the brain
32
Cranial base is
Floor of the neurocranium on which the brain rests
33
The mandible is formed by the fusion of
the two mandibular processes during embryonic development, but it is considered as a single bone in the adult.
34
The facial skeleton is made up of what bones
```
Nasal bones (2)
Maxillae (2)
Lacrimal bones (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Mandible
Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Palatine bones (2)
Vomer
```
35
What is the difference between a foramen and a notch?
A foramen is a small opening in a bone, whereas a notch is not totally enclosed by bone.
36
What bones make up the cranial vault
```
Frontal
--Supraorbital notch
Parietal
Temporal
Ethmoid
```
37
Does the parietal bone have surface features or openings of interest to the dental hygienist?
There are some openings for the passage of blood vessels, but they are generally not a concern.
38
What is a protuberance?
A relatively large rounded elevation or bulge.
39
What is a line?
A raised linear elevation.
40
What is a condyle?
An oval-shaped protuberance located at articulations between bones.
41
What structure passes through the foramen magnum?
The medulla of the brain stem
42
What two bones form the zygomatic arch?
The temporal and zygomatic bones
43
What two bones form the hard palate?
The horizontal plate of palatine bone and palatine process of maxillary bone.
44
What is a crest?
Roughened ridges on the surface of the bone.
45
What is attached to the frontal crest?
Dura mater.
46
The orbital plate and frontal crest make up the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. What is a fossa?
A large depressed area.
47
What is a foramen?
A large opening in a bone.
48
What is a canal?
A narrow tube-line channel through bone.
49
What structure passes through the hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal nerve
50
What is a process? (bone)
A relatively large extension.
51
What is a tubercle?
A small round eminence on a bone.
52
What is a meatus?
A channel through the bone with a wide opening.
53
What structure is located in the mandibular fossa?
The mandibular condyle, which forms the temporomandibular joint.
54
What structure exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen?
The facial nerve (VII).
55
What structure enters the skull through the carotid canal?
The internal carotid artery.
56
What structures pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
The facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII).
57
What structures pass through the jugular foramen?
The glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) nerves; internal jugular vein.
58
What structure passes through the openings in the cribriform plate?
The fila olfactoria (nerve fibers of the olfactory nerve).
59
What attaches to the crista galli?
The dura mater.
60
What facial bone helps form the nasal septum?
The vomer.
61
What does the term concha mean?
Shell-shaped.
62
Why is the inferior nasal concha not a part of the ethmoid bone?
The inferior concha is separate and is one of the facial bones.
63
What is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
The lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.
64
Is the foramen lacerum a true foramen in the living?
No, the opening is filled with cartilage in real life.
65
Name the bone and feature that the condylar process articulates.
The mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.
66
What is the name of the articulation between the mandible and the temporal bone?
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
67
What is a fovea?
A shallow depression; in this case for the attachment of muscle.
68
What is located in the transverse foramen?
The vertebral artery.
69
What is the difference between the vertebral canal and a vertebral foramen?
The vertebral canal is formed by the stacking of the vertebra, forming one continuous opening.
70
What type of joint is the articulation of the body of the vertebrae and the intervertebral disc?
A symphysis joint
71
The vertebral column needs to be able to move. What type of joint is formed between the articular processes?
A synovial joint.
72
What structures are located in the intervertebral canal?
The exiting points of the dorsal and ventral rootlets of the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglion.
73
The atlas (1st cervical vertebra) is atypical because
it does not have a body, and thus does not have laminae and pedicles.
74
What arch of the atlas does the dens articulate?
The anterior arch.
75
What type of joint is formed between the anterior arch of the atlas and the dens of the axis?
A synovial joint.
76
the “missing” body of the atlas
the dens in 2nd cervical vertebre
77
How many types of joints are found in the vertebral column? Name them.
: Two; synovial and symphysis joints.
78
What articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas
Dens of axis
79
cartilage cells are called
chondrocytes
80
Bone, living or dead tissue?
living
81
does bone change shape with pressure
yes
82
which bones serve as a lever?
long bones
83
epiphysis
head of bone
84
what bones are cuboidal
short bones
85
flat bones are
bones that form the brain case
86
trabeculae are found where
spongy bone
87
forms the medullary region of gross bone
spongy bone
88
temporal bone is an example of what type of bone
flat bone
89
what are the contact points between bones
joints
90
What type of joint is TMJ
synovial
91
Joint that is fully movable
synovial
92
brain case is made of
4 single and 2 pairs of bones that surrond the brain
93
what is the floor of theentire neural cranium
| skull where the brain rests calles
cranial base
94
dome-shaped skull cap bone
calvaria
95
2 pairs of bone that surround the brain
| 4 single bones
```
Frontal bone
Parietal bones (2)
Occipital bone
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid bone (butterfly inside)
Ethmoid bone (above butterfly)
```
96
which facial bone starts as one but is considered 2 as an adult
mandible
97
difference between foreman and notch
notch- not full hole or opening
| foramen- small opening
98
External Occipital protuberence are found where
buldge at the base of skull
99
Superior nuchal lines are where
right above the Occipital protuberence
100
bones that serve as levers
longe bones
101
hands and feet are examples of what type of bone
long bones
102
head of bone is
epiphysis
103
ankle and wrists are what type of bone
short bones
104
lamellae is found in what type of bone
compact
105
trabeculae are found in what type of bone
spongy
106
what type of bone forms the medullary region
spongy bone
107
what bone forms the outer weight bearing cortical bone
compact
108
fat and blood forming tissue are
bone marrow
109
what are cells of cartilage called
chrondocytes
110
gomphosis and sutures of the skull are what kind of joint
fibrous
111
what joint is responsible for the growth plate
synchondrosis
| cartilaginous
112
two cartilaginous joints
symphisis
| synchodrosis
113
another name for facial cranium
viscerocranium
114
what bone does muscle and fascia attach to on the back of the head
superior nuchal line above the external occipital protuberance
115
what large opening surrounds the brain stem
foramen magnum
116
what bone projection is on both sides of the foramen magnum
occipital condyle
117
what nerve innervates the tongue
hypoglossal
118
supraorbital notch is located
right above the orbital notch on the orbitals
119
____ forms the anterosuperior portion of the neurocranium
frontal bone
120
_____ forms the roof of the orbit
frontal bone
121
_____ is a shallow indentation located superior margin of he orbit inferior to the eyebrow
supraorbital notch
122
____ forms the roof of the orbit and a thin midline ridge called the _____
orbital plate
| frontal crest
123
_____ bones are located inferior to the parietal bone
temporal bones
124
____ portion is the flattened part of temporal bone inferior to squamous suture
squamous
125
____ serves as the attachment site for the temporalis muscle
squamous portion of the temporalis bone
126
what bone is located near the depression of the zygomatic process
madibular fossa
127
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31
