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Oral E > Chp 1 > Flashcards

Chp 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissue

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2
Q

Embryology

A

The study of embryos

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3
Q

Process of cells

A 
Absorption
Assimilation 
Respiration 
Conductivity 
Growth
Reproduction
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4
Q

Smallest living unit capable of independent existence

A

Cells

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5
Q

Absorption

A

The PASSAGE of substances across and into tissues

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6
Q

Assimilation

A

Transformation from food into tissue

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7
Q

Respiration

A

Process of molecular exchange of OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE within body tissues

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8
Q

Conductivity

A

The ability of an electric or other system to TRANSMIT sound, heat, light or electromagnetic energy

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9
Q

Growth

A

Chemical substances that induce cells to initiate specific cellular process dna synthesis

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10
Q

Reproduction

A

DUPLICATION OR REPLICATION

mitosis

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11
Q

Common ground

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleus containing nucleolus
Intercellular material
Fluid

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12
Q

Cell plasma membrane

A

Controls entry into and out of cell

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13
Q

Cell wall

A

Shapes and supports cell

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14
Q

Centrioles

A

Short cylinders near nucleus

Make microtubules

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15
Q

Chromosomes

A

Contains code which guide all cell activities

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance within a cell

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17
Q

Desmosome

A

Cell junction

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18
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Surface for protein synthesis and transports substances to cytoplasm

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19
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Sort, package deliver proteins arriving from ER

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20
Q

Gap junction

A

Communication between cells

Passing acids

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestion center

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22
Q

Microtubules

A

Cytoplasmic proteins

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power house of cell

Produces ATP

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24
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Holds nucleus together

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25
Nucleus
Chromosomes are found here
26
Plasma membrane
Barrier to regulate transports in and out
27
Ribosomes
Where proteins are Attached to ER Translate genetic codes
28
How do cells renew
Mitosis
29
Do neurons of the CNS renew
No
30
What function is needed for growth or replacement of tissues
DNA synthesis
31
Mitosis phases
``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
32
Interphase
Resting cell waiting
33
Prophase
``` Chromatin threads thicken Then split fo pairs of chromatids Nucleus membrane disappears Centrioles begin to migrate apart Microtubule spindle fibers stretch ```
34
Prometaphase
Chromatids attach to centrosome and line up equatorial | Spindle fibers connect
35
Metaphase
Centrosomes and chromatid pairs pairs line up in the middle of cell Mitotic spindles are stretched Chromosomes are attached to spindles
36
Anaphase
Division stage | Movement of complete identical sets of chromatids to opposite end of cell
37
Late anaphase
The chromosomes have reached opposites ends of the cell as cleavage begins
38
Telephase
Around each cell a nuclear membrane appears nucleoli appears Chromosomes lengthen and forms back into thin threads Mitotic spindles disappear Cell has completely duplicated and identical
39
Cell cycle
G1 phase S phase G2 phase M phase
40
G1 phase
1st phase of cell cycle 25%-35% of cycle Reduplication or resting phase
41
S phase
Second phase of cell cycle 35%-45% DNA duplication
42
G2 phase
Third phase of the cell cycle 10%-20% Post DNA duplication
43
M phase
Fourth phase of cell cycle 5-10% of cycle Mitosis
44
Meiosis
Daughter cell created with half as many as in the parent cell
45
The result of mitosis or meiosis
Reproduction
46
Prenatal development
1) proliferation period (0-2 weeks) 2) embryonic period (2-8 weeks) 3) fetal period (9-birth)
47
Proliferation period
In prenatal development 0-2 weeks Fertilization Implantation And formation of embryonic disk
48
Embryonic period
(2-8 weeks) Organs form Heart and face and oral structures Embryo takes more of a human form
49
Fetal period
Embryonic enlarges differentiate and become capable of function
50
Disk that becomes the embryo
Embryonic disk
51
How does the embryonic disk form
When blastocyst and large ball of cell mass attached to the wall of the uterus
52
What is the embryonic disk made up of
2 sacs Ectodermal Endodermal
53
Ectodermal
``` Forms epithelium Neural plate (brain and spinal cord) Teeth Mammary Hair Nails Sinus ```
54
Endodermal
``` Forms tube to become GI tract Pharyngeal Lung buds Liver Gall bladder Bladder Pancreas ```
55
What is in between the ectodermal and endodermal layers
Mesodermal layer
56
Mesodermal layer
Form muscles skeletons and blood cells of embryo
57
What form all the tissues of the body
Ectoderm Mesodermal Endoderm
58
Ectoderm makes up
``` Nervous system Sensory epithelium of eye ear nose Epidermis hair and nails Mammary and cutaneous glands Epithelium of sinuses oral and nasal cavities intraoral glands Tooth enamel ```
59
Mesoderm makes up
Muscles | Connective tissue derivatives- bone cartilage, blood, Dentin, pulp, cementum, periodontal ligament
60
endoderm
GI tract | Epithelium and associated glands
61
Types of human tissues
Epithelial Neural Connective
62
Epithelial tissue is made up of
Hair, teeth, nails, mammary, sebaceous, and salivary glands develop from the combo of epidermal and dermal cells
63
Skin is what kind of organ
Dual organ with a epidermis and dermis
64
Epidermis
Surface layer of skin develops from the surface layer of ectodermal
65
Dermis
Develops from the mesoderm
66
What happens to the epithelial tissue at 11-12 weeks
It thickness and melanocytes pigment skin
67
Neural tissue at 3 weeks
Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain
68
What’s in the hindbrain
Location of pons and cerebral cortex
69
What’s in the midbrain
Path from cerebral cortex to pons and cerebellum | 5th cranial nerve develops at 3 weeks
70
Forebrain
Cerebral hemi develop from forebrain like frontal temporal and occipital lobes 3 weeks forebrain contains sensory vesicles 4-5 weeks cranial nerves
71
Connective tissue makes up
``` Blood Lymphocytes Cartilage Bone Muscle ```
72
Connective tissue comes from what embryonic layer
Mesoderm layer
73
Connective tissue develops from
Somites as fibroblasts migrating to neural tube
74
Connective tissue develops what three things
Sclerotome Dermatome Myotome
75
Sclerotome becomes
Osteoblasts chrondoblasts and fibroblasts - cartilage cells forming spinal cord - appendages - cranium - face
76
Dermatome makes up
Dermis/skin Subcutaneous tissue Visceral mesoderm of GI tract
77
Myotome is
Muscle cells | -cardiac, smooth, skeletal
78
Blood is part of what layer of the embryonic disk
Mesoderm layer
79
Blood is composed of fluid called
Plasma and cells call platelets
80
Red blood is called
Erythrocytes
81
White blood cells are called
Leukocytes
82
RBC makes up how much of our blood
45%
83
WBC makes up how much of the blood
1%
84
RBC is made up of
Hemoglobin
85
WBC are made up of
Antibodies with MHC antigen cell markers
86
Where are RBC produced
In red bone marrow
87
Where are WBC produced
In lymph nodes and spleen
88
RBC movement
They move in blood vessels eventually squeezing through capillaries giving O2 and nutrients to body cells
89
Movement of WBC
Leave the blood vessels and move to the injury site
90
RBC irregularity of count
A very low RBC count will result is anemia
91
WBC irregularity in count
The WBC count goes up significantly when there is any infection present
92
Blood cells that are biconcave disc shaped and have no nucleus
RBC
93
Blood that has an Irregular in shape but have a nucleus and an outer buffer coat
WBC
94
Life span of RBC
120 days
95
Life span of WBC
Few days can live several yrs in healthy body
96
Only blood cell found in blood
RBC
97
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils are
WBC
98
What system are RBC in
Cardiovascular
99
What system are WBC found in
Cardiovascular and lymphatic
100
Cartilage comes from what cells
Sclerotome
101
What form cartilage in the appendages, cranium and face
Chrondoblast
102
What ways does cartilage grow
Appositional (out) by forming new surface layers | Interstitial (in) by expanding cells within matrix
103
Hyaline
Clear glass like cartilage
104
When does cartilage start to form
5th week of prenatal
105
Is cartilage elastic or fibrous
Both | Found in the intervertebral disks and ears
106
What embryonic layer does cartilage come from
Mesoderm
107
What embryonic layer does bone come from
Mesoderm
108
What cells create bone
Sclerotomes and osteoblasts
109
What method does bone replace cartilage
Through endochondral bone development
110
What are the steps of endochondral bone development
Original hyaline cartilage is calcified in the center of the diaphysis
111
Steps of endochondral bone development
A) Original hyaline cartilage is calcified in the center of the diaphysis. B) A blood vessel invades the center of the shaft. C) Marrow space appears in the center of the shaft, and bone forms around the diaphysis. D) Bone formation continues in the shaft, and secondary ossification sites appear in the heads (epiphysis) of the bones. A disk of cartilage remains between bone forming in the head and the shaft (epiphyseal line).
112
(epiphyseal line).
where head and shaft of bone meet
113
(epiphysis)
head of bone
114
When do muscles develop?
10th prenatal week
115
5th cranial nerve develops at?
3 prenatal weeks
116
Forebrain develops at?
3 prenatal weeks
117
Name 3 types of muscles
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
118
What embryonic layer does muscle come from
mesoderm
119
What cells create muscle
Myotome cells
120
Name 2 groups of muscle control.
striated voluntary | smooth muscle
121
striated voluntary muscles supplies
dorsal and ventral limbs w/ muscles
122
Which muscle cause contraction
Striated muscles
123
Smooth muscle are controlled by which nervous system
autonomic nervous system
124
The yolk sac, placenta, and body stalk develops when?
2 1/2 to 3rd week of embryo
125
What layer of the embryonic disk does cardiovascular come from
Mesoderm layer
126
What cells create cardiovascular
Angioblast cells
127
Function of umbilical system (viteline system)?
To supply nutrients, oxygen to embryo and transport Co2 away.
128
Name 3 hormones placenta produces?
Progesterone, estrogen, lactogenic
129
Heart begin beating at ______ embryo.
4 weeks
130
Where is foreman ovale located?
Opening between right and left atria
131
Are defects environmental or hereditary?
both
132
Mrs. Allen is 10 ½ weeks pregnant. Her current ultrasound shown possible spina bifida of embryo. When would this have occurred and could it have been avoided?
Baby is least susceptible to teratogens during proliferation period (2-3weeks). Most susceptible during period of differenation (3-8 weeks) because organs & embryo tissues are forming.
133
Muscle, skeleton and blood come from what embryonic layer
mesoderm
134
GI tract comes from what embryonic layer
endoderm
135
what sclerotome cell produces cartilage
chrondoblast
136
Different examples of cartilage
hyaline | elastic
137
Hyaline examples
exists on the ventral ends of ribs, in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and on the articulating surfaces of bones.
138
example of elastic/fibrous cartilage
intervertebral disk and ears
139
what type of muscle is found in blood vessels
smooth
140
striated muscle is found where
skeletal | cardiac
141
5 types of connective tissue
``` blood lymphocytes cartilage bone muscle ```
142
5 types of connective tissue
``` blood lymphocytes cartilage bone muscle ```
143
What is the most critical time in development and why?
(3-8 weeks) Embryonic stage because this is the period of differentiation (organs forming)
144
What is meiosis
reproduction of cells. produce a daughter cell with half the DNA of each parent cell
145
what is meiosis
division of cells
146
how do cells divide
through mitosis
147
What layer of the embryonic disk does enamel form
ectodermal
148
What part of the embryonic disc forms the epithelium
ectoderm
149
What part of the embryonic disc forms the neural plate
ectoderm
150
what is the enamel organ
ectoderm
151
What part of the embryonic disc forms the GI tract, lung, liver, bladder
endodermal
152
What part of the embryonic disc forms the CT
mesoderm
153
What part of the embryonic disc forms the dentin, pulp, cementum, perioligament
mesoderm
154
What part of the embryonic disc forms the muscle, skeleton, blood
mesoderm
155
Why are the layers of the embryonic disk important
They develop all tissues and organs of the body
156
Name 3 types of human tissue. Examples of each. Where they are derived from.
Epithelial- Epidermis (ectoderm) and dermis (mesoderm) Neural- Brain, spinal cord (ectoderm) Connective- Blood, muscle, bone, cartilage, lymphocytes (mesoderm)
157
What are sclerotomes, dermatomes, myotomes?
cells that create connective tissue
158
sclerotomes cells become
osteoblast- bone chrondoblast- cartilage fibroblast- tendons, ligaments
159
Dermatome
dermis, skin, subcutaneous tissue, visceral mesoderm of GI tract
160
Antigen is
the bad coming into your body
161
myotome is
muscle (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)
162
Blood is composed of fluid called ____ and cells called ____
plasm and platelets
163
What layer is blood from
mesoderm
164
cartilage comes from what embryonic layer and what cells
mesoderm | chrondoblast
165
name 3 types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrous, elastic
166
Tetragens an negatively affect at this embryonic stage and why (Most critical time of development)
3-8 weeks Period of differentiation Organs developing
167
Developing human least susceptible to tetragens at what embryonic stage Why?
2-3 weeks after conception | Multiple cell mitosis compensates
168
what are sclerotomes, dermatomes, and myotomes
cells that create connective tissue
169
sclerotome cells create
osteoblasts chrondoblasts fibroblast
170
myotome cells create
muscle
171
Dermatome cells create
dermis plasm subcutaneous tissue visceral mesoderm of GI tract
172
Cartilage comes from what embryonic layer | made of what cells
mesoderm | chrondoblast

Oral E (8 decks)

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