chp 1 biological chem DAT Flashcards
CHP 1 - foundations of bio (113 cards)
1
Q
what is matter ?
A
anything that takes up space and has mass
2
Q
what is an element ?
A
a pure substance that takes up space and has mass
3
Q
what is an atom ?
A
the smallest unit of matter
4
Q
what is a molecule ?
A
2 or more atoms join together
5
Q
what are the 2 forces for molecule attraction ?
A
intermolecular and intramolecular
6
Q
what is intermolecular ?
A
the force BETWEEN molecules
7
Q
what is intramolecular ?
A
the force WITHIN a molecule
8
Q
what are monomers ?
A
a single molecule with ability to polymerize
9
Q
what is polymerization ?
A
a process where monomers chemically combine to make a chain which the chain is then called polymers.
10
Q
what are polymers ?
A
substances made of many monomers linked together
11
Q
what 2 reactions govern polymerization ?
A
dehydration and hydrolysis
12
Q
what is dehydration?
A
also called CONDENSATION - it takes a small monomers subunits , puts them together while releasing water molecule.
13
Q
what is hydrolysis ?
A
also called DEPOLYMERIZATION- uses water to break bonds. so water is used
14
Q
CARBS -
A
15
Q
what are carbs ?
A
carbohydrates are used for both fuel and structural support
16
Q
what are carbs composed of ?
A
carbon , hydrogen, oxygen
17
Q
what are the types of carbs ?
A
mono , di , poly
18
Q
shape for carbs ?
A
rings
19
Q
what is a monosaccharide ?
A
the simplest type of carb
20
Q
what are common mono carbs ?
A
glucose, fructose , ribose
21
Q
what are disaccharides ?
A
made of 2 monosaccharides that are joined by a glycosidic bond.
22
Q
what is reaction is required for glycosidic bond ?
A
dehydration reaction.
23
Q
what are common disaccharides?
A
glucose and fructose = sucrose
24
Q
what group forms a glycosidic bond ?
A
hydroxyl groups- they are main elements in carb composition therefore making them ready to be linked = glycosidic bond
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what are polysaccharides ?
multiple monosaccharides together in a long polymer held by a glycolic bond
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what are types of polysaccharides ?
-starch ; energy storage in plants and help with cell wall.
-glycogen ; energy storage in animals ( this can be hydrolyzed, resulting in glucose and then used as energy.
-cellulose ; structural support , made of many glucose monomers. ( cell wall )
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PROTEINS-
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what are proteins?
the building blocks of proteins are amino acids
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what are amino acids composed of ?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
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what is the basic structure of amino acids?
R group, carboxyl group ( COOH) and Amino group (NH2)
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what are polypeptides ?
a polymer that is made of amino acids
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what holds together polypeptides ?
peptide bonds
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how are peptide bonds created ?
by dehydration reactions, and broken down by hydrolysis.
34
what are the protein levels ?
primary, secondary , tertiary, quaternary
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what is the primary Level?
the simplest sequence of amino acids that is resulted from mRNA translation.
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what Is the secondary level?
this is where alpha helices and beta sheets are formed.
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what is the tertiary level?
this is the 3D structure that is formed by the R group interactions.
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what interactions are used to hold these structures ?
3 types - hydrophobic, disulfide and additional tertiary interactions.
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what is hydrophobic interactions?
afraid of water - so these interactions will be counting on non polar R groups
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what are disulfide bonds ?
covalent bonds between 3 sulfide atoms
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what are additional tertiary interactions?
hydro and ionic interactions between R groups.
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what is the quaternary structure ?
multiple tertiary structures together
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what are conjugated proteins?
they are protein made of amino acids and non protein components
44
what are metalloproteins?
proteins that contain a metal cofactor
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example of metalloprotein ?
hemoglobin ; this is a molecule responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the blood within RBCs- the iron in Hg is the cofactor , its bound to the Hg protein that allows for interaction in the oxygen.
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what are glycoproteins?
these are protons that have a carb group
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what is protein denaturing ?
when a protein has loss its function and higher order structure
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what are factors of protein denaturing ?
temp , Ph , salt concentrations
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what are some functions of proteins?
storage
hormones - signaling molecule
receptos - binding to signaling molecule
structure - strength
immunity- anitbody
enzymes - regulating rate of chem reaction
50
ENZYMES -
51
what Is a catalyst ?
it is a substance that INCREASES the reaction rate by DECREASING activation energy
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how do catalyst work ?
you can reach the transition state WITHOUT a catalyst but it will require HIGH amount of energy, WITH a catalyst you can reach transition state with less energy
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what does a catalyst not do ?
it DOES NOT shift the equilibrium or alter spontaneity
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what do catalyst do ?
increase reaction rate and decrease activation energy
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how do enzymes facilitate catalytic activity ?
by having an active site
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what is an active site ?
it is where and enzyme can receive material (substrate) and start reaction
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what is specificity constant?
measuring enzyme binding efficiency for substrate
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what are some theories for enzymes ?
induced fit theory - this expresses that the active site molds to favor the substrate binding
lock and key theory - this is outdated , this is where the active site of enzyme fits perfectly ( indicating that is is very selective)
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can enzymes denature ?
yes , due to temp and ph
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what are some common enzymes ?
phosphatase - cleavage of phosphate groups ( dephosporylate by using water to remove P )
phosphorylase - directly ADDS P group ti substrate
kinase - indirectly adds a phospho group to sub. this is because kinase doesn't have a P group attached instead it will use a molecule that has a P
61
what are some NON PROTEIN enzymes ?
ribozymes - RNA molecules that are able to act as enzymes.
cofactor - non protein molecules that help enzyme function.
coenzymes - organic and inorganic molecule (vitamin, metals ..)
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what is a holoenzyme ?
complex formed when enzyme binds to cofactor
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what Is apoenzyme ?
enzyme without a cofactor
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prosthetic groups ?
tightly/covanlent bond to enzyme
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what affects a enzyme reaction rates ?
if a molecule either than the desired one bind to the active site or allosteric site
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what is an active site ?
it is a receipt region that is specific for desired reaction
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what is an allosteric site ?
separate region on the enzyme that is not the active site but substrate is still able to bind
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what are types of enzyme inhibition ?
competitive and non competitive
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what is competitive ?
it is when there is direct competition for the active site - this is inhibitor vs sub. This can cause the reaction rate to decrease due to the inhibitor using the active site.
- this can be solved by increasing the substrate concentration. This way the inhibitor will be diluted and overcome.
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what is non competitive ?
this is where the inhibitor bind to the allosteric site. They are giving the sub to the active site. ThIs leads to a change in the active site which results in decreased rate reaction. this cant be solved
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what is uninhibited ?
enzyme and sub at active site = success
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what is Michaelis constant ?
this is the sub concentration required to reach half of the Max velocity
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how does this relate to affinity ?
km has an inversely relationship to the enzyme sub biting strength
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what is the desired result for km ?
if an enzyme can get to 1/2 V max with the smallest amount go sub available = affinity would be strong
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HIGH km -
more sub is required to get to 1/2 v max
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LOW km -
less sub is required to get to 1/2 v max
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Km in a competitive inhibitor -
km will increase but vmax has no change (km increases because we need more sub but since we can dilute inhibitor Vmax is the same)
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Km in a non com inhibitor -
vmax is decreased but km doesnt change (if less enzymes available vmax will decrease - km is the same because affinity is not manipulated )
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what is feedback ?
feedback describes how the product of reaction affects the rate of reaction
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neg feedback -
reaction products will slow/ inhibit reaction
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pos feedback -
reaction products will activate/ increase reaction
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LIPIDS -
83
what are lipids ?
Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water
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what are the components of lipids ?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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what are fatty acids ?
Fatty acids can be defined as carboxylic acids with long aliphatic chains
86
what are saturated fatty acids ?
hydrocarbon chains WITHOUT double bonds ( all carbons in the can are full with hydrogens ) = TIGHT
87
what are unsaturated fatty acids ?
hydrocarbon chain with a double bond. = LESS TIGHT
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what are triglycerides ?
triglycerides or triaglycerol is a lipid containing glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids (most triglycerides are hydrophobic and nonpolar )
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what is glycerol backbone?
has 3 carbons that serve as anchors for the fatty acid chains.
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what are phospholipids?
composed of a glycerol backbone , 1 phosphate group, and 2 fatty act tails.
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amphiphatic
has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
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Lipid subtypes
waxes, carotenoid , lipoproteins and cholesterol
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what factors affect the fluidity of the membrane?
temp, cholesterol, degree of fatty acid unsaturation
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cholesterol
its an amphipathic lipid. it maintains stability in both low and high temps. precursor to steroid hormones, vitamin D and bile acids.
95
lipoproteins
complex of lipids and proteins that caryry lipophilic (hydrophobic) molecules through the blood. Their coat is composed of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins
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waxes and carotenoids
-waxes are simple lipids with long fatty acids chains connected to alcohols.
-carotenoids are lipid derivatives containing long carbon chains and conjugated double bonds that function ad pigment ( yellow , red and orange )
-sphingolipid are lipids with backbone containing aliphatic amino acids,
-glycolipids are lipids found in plasma membranes w carbs groups rather than phospho.
97
NUCLEIC ACIDS-
98
what are nucleic acids ?
they are composed of sugar monomers. they store genetic information, transfer molecules and gene silencing.
99
what are the 2 main types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
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what is a nucleoside ?
made of 1 ribose or deoxy sugar and 1 nitro base
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what is a nucleotide ?
made of 1 ribose or deoxy , 1 nitro base and a phospho group.
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RNA composition ?
ribose sugar with OH groups on 2' and 3'
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DNA composition ?
ANTIPARALLEL double helix, has deoxyribose and OH on 3' and H on 2'
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what is the sugar phosphate bone ?
it is how nucleic acids support themselves. it is a structural chain of alternating sugar and phosphates held together by phosphodiester bonds.
105
what are the terminal ends ?
3' OH and 2' p group
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what is nucleic acid polymerization ?
it is when nucleic acids elongate as nucleoside triphosphate continue to be added to the 3' OH group
107
what are the types of RNA ?
mRNA-messenger
tRNA-transfer
rRNA-ribosomal
miRNA-micro
dsRNA -double strand
108
mRNA-messenger
these result from DNA transcription. contains info to create proteins
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tRNA-transfer
protein synthesis by carrying AA to ribosomes
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rRNA-ribosomal
protein synthesis by complexing with proteins ti make ribosomes that read mRNA
111
miRNA-micro
silencing gene expression. they go the opposite direction. disrupts info passage and shuts down expression
112
dsRNA -double strand
genetic info reservoir , used by viruses
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