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chp 2 biological chem DAT Flashcards

cells and organelles (108 cards)

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1
Q

what are the cell membrane components ?

A

phospholipids, carbs and proteins.

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2
Q

3 determinants -

A

temp , cholesterol and fatty acid sat

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3
Q

temp -

A

hot ; phospholipids spread out (more fluid)

cold; phospholipids get closer - membrane less fluid and more rigid

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4
Q

cholesterol -

A

maintains the distance when cold. holds phospholipids together when hot

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5
Q

fluid mosaic model -

A

cis - unsat fatty acid (bent = H on the same side ) FLUID

sat fatty acid RIGID

trans - unsat fatty acid ( H is on each app side ) RIGID

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6
Q

problem with a barrier -

A

cells need to move molecules across the membrane . they can cross through passive and active transport

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7
Q

passive transport -

A

utilizes “passive diffusion” ( substances diffuse DOWN their concentration grad.

NO CELLULAR ENERGY REQUIRED

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8
Q

2 types of passive transport -

A

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

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9
Q

simple diffusion -

A

small , uncharged , non polar , molecular , OSMOSIS

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10
Q

facilitated diffusion -

A

large, hydrophilic , charged molecules.

utilizes intergral membrane proteins.

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11
Q

facilitated diffusion ports -

A

uniport ( one molecule,one way )

symport (several molecule , one way )

antiport ( several molecules, opp ways)

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12
Q

passive transport : facilitated diffusion

A

channel protein - connect extra and intracellular environment. allowed passage of small polar molecules

carriers proteins : change the shape and only faces one side at a time.

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13
Q

channel proteins -

A

PORINS
usually not specific
normally allow any hydrophilic molecules

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14
Q

active transport -

A

3 types
primary active
secondary active
cytosis

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15
Q

primary active

A

uses energy from TAP hydrolysis , pumps ions against their concentration grad

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16
Q

secondary active

A

relies on energy source OTHER THAN ATP
transports molecules against their concentration Grad

relies on primary , uses energy another molecule releases

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17
Q

cytosis

A

facilitate bulk transport (larg polar molecules)
requires energy

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18
Q

2 types of cytosis

A

endo and exocytosis

Edno - phago,pino, receptor mediated endocytosis

exo

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19
Q

endo -

A

endocytosis - the formation of vesicle around something extracellular

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20
Q

phago -

A

cellular eating , undissolved material

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21
Q

pino -

A

cellular drinking , dissolved materials

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22
Q

receptor mediated endo

A

specific molecule bind to the peripheral membrane proteins

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23
Q

exocytosis

A

opposite of endo
meaterials exit the cell

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24
Q

what is the currency for cells ?

A

ATP

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25
what are integral proteins ?
they will cross the entire lipid bilayer. They will be exposed in the extra and intra cellular membrane. they are receptors and transporters.
26
what are peripheral membrane proteins?
DO NOT CROSS BILAYER. they are only attached in the surface outside of the cell. they are polar. they act as adhesion and recognition proteins.
27
fluid mosaic model
it is the flow of the components- it has a lateral movement.
28
3 determinants of the fluid mosaic model-
temp, cholesterol and fatty acid saturation.
29
temp
phospholipids spread out when temp is hot and when its cold they are more rigid.
30
cholesterol
maintain the distance between phospholipids when its cold or hot. it acts as a balancer for fluidity
31
saturation
saturated - NO double bonds Unsat - double bonds trans unsat - double bond on opposite side STRAIGHT cis unsat - double bond on same side BENT
32
crossing the cell membrane -
this is a problem for cells because they need to eat and cross waste.
33
how do cells overcome the cell membrane ?
passive and active transport
34
what is passive transport ?
diffusion - no cellular energy is required moving DOWN its gradient uses ATP for energy
35
what are the 2 types of passive transport?
simple and facilitated
36
simple transport
small , uncharged, non polar molecules. moving DOWN the gradient -osmosis is a type of simple trans-
37
facilitated transport
large, hydrophilic, charged molecules. uses integral proteins.
38
uniport, symport,antiport
uni - 1 molecule 1 way Sym- many molecules 1 way anti- many molecules pop way
39
types of integral proteins
channel and carriers channel- they connect the extra and intra environment and allow small polar molecules to cross carriers - they change shape and open 1 side at a time
40
active transport
molecules traveling AGAINST concentration gradient. REQUIRES energy (ATP) and it relies on carrier proteins
41
3 types of active transport
primary, secondary and cytosis
42
primary
uses energy from ATP hydrolysis and it pumps ions against concentration grad
43
secondary
relies on energy OTHER than ATP . transporting molecules against concentration molecules . uses energy molecule releases
44
cytosis
transporting bulk - large, polar , molecules and requires energy.
45
2 types of cytosis
endo and exo
46
endocytosis
cell will grab sometime from extracellular environment and wrap it in plasma membrane (plasma) and take it INSIDE the cell
47
types of endocytosis
phagocytosis-cellular eating , undissolved material pinocytosis-cellular drinking , undissolved material or fluids receptor mediated endocytosis- molecule bind to peripheral membrane
48
ORGANELLES -
49
eukaryotic and prokaryotic
e- men bound organelles p-non membrane bound organelles
50
what surrounds each organelle ?
phospholipid bilayer
51
what is the cytoplasm ?
EVERYTHING inside and within the cell
52
what Is the cytosol ?
the intracellular fluid
53
DNA
instruction manual , transcription ans translation
54
DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes ?
E - nucleus and P- nucleoid
55
how do supplies get inside the nucleus ?
nuclear pores - a passage way to the nucleus
56
nucleus
DNA house
57
nucleolus
dense region , rRNA production and ribosomal subunit production
58
how do supplies get inside ?
nuclear pores
59
ribosomes
protein TRANSLATION they are not organelles E: 80 s (60 s and 40s ) P: 70s (50s and 30s)
60
rough ER
outer nuclear membrane surface why rough ? because there are ribosomes bound to the surface
61
rough ER lumen
protein modification (glycosylation )
62
smooth ER
smooth ? no ribosomes synthesize lipids, synthesize steroid hormones detoxify cells and store ions
63
Golgi app
flatten sacs - cos and trans face ER product modification (phosphorylation ) destination ; cytosol , cell membrane,extracell space, lysosome , vacuole
64
lysosome
braking down acidic enzymes functions at low pH
65
when are lysosomes used -
endocytosis,autophagy , apoptosis
66
vacuole
all plants and fungal cells have this form by membrane fusing together
67
types of vacuoles
transport - large transport vesicles food - merge with lysosomes central - storage contractile - pumps put excess water
68
endomembrane system
nucleus nuclear envelope rough and smooth ER Golgi app lysosome vacuoles cell mem
69
peroxisomes
not part of the endo system breaks down fatty acids detoxification may break down proteins generates hydrogen peroxide - oxidizing agent , produces reactive oxygen species ( excessive damages the DNA , potentially cancer) what prevent this ? catalase
70
mitochondria
powerhouse , produces ATP
71
chloroplast
some plants and protist ( algae) photosynthesis
72
centrosome
found near nucleus pair of centrioles serves as microtubule organizing centers MTOCs
73
cytoskeleton
lies within the cytoplasm functions- structure, movement, transport
74
eurkaryotic cytoskeleton
microfilaments , intermediate microfilaments, microtubules
75
microfilament - actin
smallest diameter , double helix , rapid dis/assembly
76
intermediate filaments
medium diameter , many types of proteins (keratin ) long lasting cellular support ( cell junctions , nuclear lamina )
77
motor proteins
kinesis and dyneins transport cargo ATP hydrolysis
78
microtubules
largest diameter hollow tubes helical shape grow and shrink rapidly function; structural support , cell division , cilia and flagella
79
kinesis
cargo towards the positive end of the microtubule
80
axonemal dyneins
propagates beating of the cilia and flagella
80
cytoplasmic dyneins
retrograde transport cargo towards negative end of the microtubule
81
MTOCs
creates , extends and organizes microtubules forms the spindle app ( guides chromes on opp side) anaphase
82
types of spindle app
kinetochores , polar microtubules , astral microtubules
83
type of MTOCs
centrosomes present in animals 1 per daughter cell
84
centrioles
inhabit the centrosome hollow microtubule 9 triplets of microtubules
85
where do centrioles come from
spindle fibers app
86
centrioles cilium and flagellum
centriole attaches to cell mem. the basal body produces cilia or flagellum 9 doublet of microtubules E: use tubulin dimmers P: flagellin
87
extracellular matrix
carbs , fibrous structural proteins, adhesion proteins
88
proteoglycans
glycoproteins lots of carbs
89
fibrous structural proteins
fibroblast make collagen strength and rigid
90
integrins
transmembrane proteins signals cells about the extracellular environment (grow, divide, differentiate, apoptosis )
91
fibronectin
connect integrins to collagen or preoteoglycans
92
laminin
active component of the basal lamina , similar to fibronectin
93
cell wall
structures, protection, filtration plants - cellulose fungi-chitin bacteria - peptidoglycan Archaea - polysaccharides
94
bacteria
peptidoglycan cell wall adhesion protection cell to cell recognition
95
cell matrix junction
connect ECM to cytoskeleton 2 types
96
cell matrix junction type : focal adhesions
ECM to actin
97
cell matrix junction: hemidesomosomes
ECM to keratin
98
cell to cell junctions
tight desmosomes adhere gap
99
tight junctions
water seal
100
desmosomes
extends across mem-keratin connects cytoskeleton
101
adherent
extend across mem- actin connects cytoskeleton
102
gap junctions
connexons made of conexins membrane channel proteins
103
tonicity
relative solute concentration of 2 solutions determines osmosis
104
isotonic
intra and extra concentration are the same. ( animals cells prefer )
105
hyper
extra concentration I higher water leaves the cell
106
hypo
intra concentration is higher water enters the cell (plants prefer)
107

biological chem DAT (12 decks)

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