CHP 1 - uNGULATES

Question 1

One traditional grouping of mammals, now recognized as a paraphyletic grouping.

Answer 1

Ungulata

Question 2

From Latin “ungula,” meaning hoof.

Answer 2

Ungulate

Question 3

Cloven-hooved mammals, including pigs, deer, and cattle.

Answer 3

Artiodactyla

Question 4

Odd-toed mammals, including horses, rhinos, and tapirs.

Answer 4

Perissodactyla

Question 5

The earliest known ungulate, a small insectivore-like animal with teeth slightly adapted for grinding.

Answer 5

Protungulatum

Question 6

The most successful order of terrestrial ungulates, divided into three suborders.

Answer 6

Order Artiodactyla

Question 7

Primitive artiodactyls, including pigs, peccaries, and hippopotami.

Answer 7

Suborder Suina

Question 8

Intermediate artiodactyls, including camels and llamas.

Answer 8

Suborder Tylopoda

Question 9

Advanced artiodactyls, including cattle, antelopes, deer, and giraffes.

Answer 9

Suborder Ruminantia

Question 10

Feet where the line of symmetry passes between digits 3 and 4.

Answer 10

Paraxonic Feet

Question 11

(Tarsal or Ankle Bone) A bone with a ‘double pulley’ joint, allowing greater ankle movement.

Answer 11

Astragalus

Question 12

An order characterized by mesaxonic feet, a full set of incisors, and molarized premolars.

Answer 12

Order Perissodactyla

Question 13

Includes tapirs and rhinoceroses.

Answer 13

Suborder Ceratomorpha

Question 14

The tapir family, including species like the Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris).

Answer 14

Family Tapiridae

Question 15

The rhinoceros family, including black and white rhinoceroses.

Answer 15

Family Rhinocerotidae

Question 16

Includes horses, zebras, and asses, all from the genus Equus

Answer 16

Suborder Hippomorpha

Question 17

The evolutionary lineage of horses, well-documented in paleontology.

Answer 17

Evolution of the Horse

Question 18

A small, early horse from the Eocene era, 55 million years ago.

Answer 18

Eohippus

Question 19

A horse from the Oligocene era, 35 million years ago.

Answer 19

Mesohippus

Question 20

A later Oligocene horse, 30 million years ago.

Answer 20

Miohippus

Question 21

A Miocene-era horse, 20 million years ago.

Answer 21

Mercychippus

Question 22

A Pliocene-era horse, 5 million years ago.

Answer 22

Pliohippus

Question 23

The modern genus of horses, appearing around 4 million years ago.

Answer 23

Equus

Question 24

Includes reduction in toes, elongation of legs, increased body size, and high-crowned teeth.

Answer 24

Evolutionary Trends in Horses

Question 25

Adaptations to grasslands, including speed for escaping predators and teeth for grass consumption.

Answer 25

Environmental Causes of Evolution

Question 26

Horse color is determined by the body, mane, tail, and leg extremities.

Answer 26

Basic Coat Color

Question 27

The movement patterns of horses, including the walk, trot, gallop, and others.

Answer 27

Gait of Horses

Question 28

A slow, four-beat gait where each foot moves separately.

Answer 28

Walk

Question 29

A fast, two-beat diagonal gait where opposite legs move together.

Answer 29

Trot

Question 30

A fast, four-beat gait where all four feet leave the ground momentarily.

Answer 30

Gallop

Question 31

A slow, three-beat gait, with a Western adaptation called the lope.

Answer 31

Canter

Question 32

A slow, lateral, four-beat gait.

Answer 32

Stepping Pace

Question 33

A slow, diagonal, four-beat gait, characteristic of Tennessee Walking Horses.

Answer 33

Running Walk

Question 34

A slow, short, broken trot where the hind foot lands just before the diagonal front foot.

Answer 34

Fox-Trot

Question 35

A fast, even, four-beat gait with equal time between footfalls.

Answer 35

Rack

Question 36

A fast, two-beat gait where legs on the same side move together.

Answer 36

Pace

Question 37

A lateral movement where the horse moves sideways without forward or backward motion.

Answer 37

Amble