CHP 3 - oSTEOLOGY

Question 1

In growing bone is easily fractured

Answer 1

Physis

Question 2

Can be harvested surgically and moved to a fracture site to aid in repair sources include tibial tuberosity greater tubercle of humerus greater trochanter of femur and wing of the ilium

Answer 2

Cancellous bone

Question 3

Consists of skull vertebrae sternum and ribs

Answer 3

Axial skeleton

Question 4

Excluding the hyoid bone and mandible is a long four-sided pyramid with dorsal two lateral and ventral surfaces

Answer 4

Skull

Question 5

Present only in horse and cat between parietal bones rostral to occipital bone in other species fuses before birth

Answer 5

Interparietal bone

Question 5

Forms the entire roof of the cranium in ox and pig

Answer 5

Frontal bone

Question 6

Splanchnic bone in the nose of pigs

Answer 6

Rostral bone

Question 7

Complete in horse and ruminants incomplete in carnivores completed by orbital ligament

Answer 7

Bony orbit

Question 8

Present only in horses ridge on the lateral surface of the face

Answer 8

Facial crest

Question 9

Present in ruminants process on the lateral surface of the face

Answer 9

Facial tuberosity

Question 10

Process of the frontal bone of horned ruminants enclosed by the horn

Answer 10

Cornual process

Question 11

In ruminants pushed to the lateral side of the skull by the frontal bone

Answer 11

Temporal fossa

Question 12

In ruminants and pigs joining of the round and orbital foramina of other species

Answer 12

Foramen orbitorotundum

Question 13

Large air spaces in the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity

Answer 13

Paranasal sinuses

Question 14

Largest sinus in horses divided into rostral and caudal compartments in cattle has three openings into lacrimal sinus palatine sinus and middle nasal meatus

Answer 14

Maxillary sinus

Question 15

Paper-thin caudal extent of the maxillary sinus in ruminants

Answer 15

Lacrimal bulla

Question 16

Located in the dorsal part of the skull in ox and pigs extends to the back of the skull ruminants have additional diverticula

Answer 16

Frontal sinus

Question 17

In horses formed by the joining of frontal and dorsal conchal sinus

Answer 17

Conchofrontal sinus

Question 18

Large opening between caudal maxillary sinus and frontal sinus in horses

Answer 18

Frontomaxillary opening

Question 19

Direct continuation of frontal sinus into cornual process in horned ruminants

Answer 19

Cornual diverticulum

Question 20

Drilling of holes into paranasal sinus used in removing cheek teeth in horses

Answer 20

Trephination

Question 21

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses trephination may be used for drainage

Answer 21

Sinusitis

Question 22

Located between vertical parts of the rami of the mandibles supports root of tongue pharynx and larynx

Answer 22

Hyoid apparatus

Question 23

Rostral projection of basihyoid bone present in horse and ox absent in carnivores

Answer 23

Lingual process

Question 24

Subdivided into cervical thoracic lumbar sacral and caudal regions

Answer 24

Vertebral column

Question 25

Recognized by their massive quadrangular shape and greater length

Answer 25

Cervical vertebrae

Question 26

Have facets for articulation with ribs and long spinous processes

Answer 26

Thoracic vertebrae

Question 27

Characterized by short bodies and expanded transverse processes

Answer 27

Lumbar vertebrae

Question 28

Fused to form a single bone with two surfaces two borders a base and an apex

Answer 28

Sacral vertebrae

Question 29

Horse has three foramina intervertebral alar and transverse dog has alar foramen as a notch cattle and sheep lack transverse foramen pig has transverse foramen positioned in the posterior border of wing

Answer 29

Atlas

Question 30

Dens in dogs is tooth-like in cattle and sheep is spout-shaped spinous process is bifid in horses and high and posteriorly directed in pigs

Answer 30

Axis

Question 31

Horse has a trifid transverse process other species have a well-developed ventral plate

Answer 31

6th cervical vertebra

Question 32

Recognized by single transverse process absence of transverse foramen and facet for head of first rib

Answer 32

7th cervical vertebra

Question 33

Thoracic vertebra with most vertically oriented spine landmark in radiographs

Answer 33

Anticlinal vertebra

Question 34

Spinous process unfused in horse and carnivores fused in ruminants forming median sacral crest

Answer 34

Sacrum

Question 35

Consist of a shaft and two extremities sternal and vertebral

Answer 35

Ribs

Question 36

Last pair present only in dogs

Answer 36

Floating ribs

Question 37

Consists of shoulder upper arm forearm and manus

Answer 37

Forelimb

Question 38

Flat bone forming the skeleton of the shoulder spine fades out distally in horses triangular in ox and sheep prominent tubercle in pigs acromion distinct in dogs

Answer 38

Scapula

Question 39

Absent in horses and pigs

Answer 39

Acromion

Question 40

Bony enlargement of scapular spine in horse and pig poorly developed in cat and ox

Answer 40

Spinal tuber

Question 41

Present in cats as a separate non-articulating bone rudimentary in dogs absent in horses and ruminants

Answer 41

Clavicle

Question 42

Long bone of the upper arm in horses bicipital groove divided by a ridge in ox and sheep massive lateral tuberosity in pigs nearly forms a foramen in dogs has a supratrochlear foramen

Answer 42

Humerus

Question 43

Hole between olecranon and radial fossa in dogs and sometimes in pigs

Answer 43

Supratrochlear fossa

Question 44

Present in cats allows passage of median nerve and brachial vessels

Answer 44

Supracondylar foramen

Question 45

Prominence in the horse intertubercular groove

Answer 45

Intermediate tubercle

Question 46

Divided into cranial and caudal parts in ungulates

Answer 46

Greater tubercle

Question 47

Ulna is fused with radius in horse and ruminants allowing no pronation or supination unfused in carnivores and pigs allowing movement

Answer 47

Radius and ulna

Question 48

Distal epiphysis of horse ulna fused with radius becomes part of the radius

Answer 48

Styloid process of ulna

Question 49

Consists of carpus metacarpus and digits

Answer 49

Manus

Question 50

Has three metacarpals first and fifth are missing third is functional as cannon bone second and fourth are vestigial splint bones only third digit present with three phalanges

Answer 50

Horse manus

Question 51

Metacarpals three and four are fused as cannon bone four digits present third and fourth functional second and fifth are dewclaws

Answer 51

Ox and sheep manus

Question 52

Four metacarpals second and fifth are reduced third and fourth bear weight

Answer 52

Pig manus

Question 53

Five metacarpals first is reduced and non-weight bearing digits two to four bear weight

Answer 53

Dog manus

Question 54

Consists of hip thigh leg and pes

Answer 54

Hindlimb

Question 55

Largest flat bone in the body composed of ilium ischium and pubis

Answer 55

Os coxae

Question 56

Includes os coxae of either side bony pelvis includes pelvic girdle sacrum and first two caudal vertebrae

Answer 56

Pelvic girdle

Question 57

Called hook in ox

Answer 57

Tuber coxae

Question 58

Called pin bone in ox

Answer 58

Ischiatic tuberosity

Question 59

Trochlear tubercle present in horses third trochanter absent in ruminants fabellae found in carnivores

Answer 59

Femur

Question 60

Fused in ruminants fibula absent in middle portion separate only at extremities in horses fibula reduced and only extends halfway

Answer 60

Tibia and fibula

Question 61

Talus is tibial tarsal bone calcaneus is fibular tarsal bone

Answer 61

Tarsals

Question 62

In carnivores first is further reduced than in forelimb in ruminants fifth is absent

Answer 62

Metatarsals