chp 26- study guide

Question 1

__ represents a rapid decline in kidney function sufficient to increase blood levels of nitrogenous wastes and impair fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer 1

Acute Renal Failure

Question 2

The causes of acute renal failure are categorized as:

Answer 2

prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal

Question 3

__ failure, is the most common form of acute renal failulre

Answer 3

prerenal

Question 4

Prerenal failure is manifested by a sharp decrease in urine output and a disproportionate elevation of __ in relationship to serum creatinine levels.

Answer 4

BUN

Blood urea nitrogen

Question 5

___ failure results from obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys

Answer 5

postrenal

Question 6

the main concern in acute renal failure:

Answer 6

figuring out the underlying CAUSE of failure

Question 7

represents a permanent loss of kidney nephrons with progressive deterioration of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorptive capacity, and endocrine functions of the kidneys.

Answer 7

Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 8

Normal GFR

Answer 8

120-130 mL/ inute

Question 9

GFR is usually estimated using the serum __ concentration

Answer 9

creatinin

Question 10

Increased excretion of low molecular weight globulins is a marker of __ disease and excretion of __ a marker of CKD.

Answer 10

tubulointerstital disease

albumin

Question 11

the __ state includes signs and symptoms of altered fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, and alterations in regulatory functions.

Answer 11

uremic

Question 12

Chronic renal failure can produce ___ or fluid ___, depending on the pathology fo the kidney disease.

Answer 12

dehydration or fluid overload

Question 13

In chronic renal failure, the kidneys lose the ability to regulate ___ excretion.

Answer 13

sodium

Question 14

the acidosis that occurs in persons with kidney failure seems to stabilize as the disease progresses, probably as a result of the tremendous buffering capacity of ____

Answer 14

bone

Question 15

the term renal ___ is sued to describe the skeletal complications of CKD.

Answer 15

osteodystrophy

Question 16

___ commonly is an early manifestation of chronic renal failure.

Answer 16

hypertension

Question 17

Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are common in patients with __, along with a metallic taste in the mouth that further depresses the appetite.

Answer 17

uremia

Question 18

neuropathy is caused by __ and __ of nerve fibers, possible caused by uremic toxins

Answer 18

atrophy and demyelination

Question 19

normal aging is associated with a decline in the __ and subsequently with reduced homeostatic regulation under stressful conditions.

Answer 19

atrophy, demyelination

Question 20

Polyuria with urine that is almost isotonic with plasma

Answer 20

Isothenuria

Question 21

by-product of muscle metabolism

Answer 21

creatinine

Question 22

Impaired tubular reabsorption of sodium

Answer 22

Salt wasting

Question 23

Decreased CNS activity

Answer 23

Uremic Encephalopathy

Question 24

use of artificial kidney to filter blood

Answer 24

Hemodialysis

Question 25

Presence of excess amounts of urea in the blood

Answer 25

Uremia

Question 26

Increased bone reabsorption and formation

Answer 26

Osteitis fibrosa

Question 27

Acute Tubular Necrosis is the most common cause of intrinsic renal failure. One of the causes of ATN is ischemia. What are the most common causes of ischemic ATN?

Answer 27

- severe hypovolemia - Burns - overwhelming sepsis

Question 28

Chronic kidney disease impacts many systems in teh body. What is the number 1 hematologic disorder caused by CKD?

Answer 28

Anemia

Question 29

Uremic pericarditis is a disorder that accompanies CKD. What are its presenting signs and symptoms?

Answer 29

- pericardial friction rub - chest pain with respiratory accentuation - Fever without infection

Question 30

Which neuromuscular disorder is triggered by CKD?

Answer 30

restless leg syndrome

Question 31

What is the one thing that is missing in an immune response in ppl with CKD?

Answer 31

failure to mount a fever with infection

Question 32

in hemodialysis, access to the vascular system is most commonly through what?

Answer 32

Internal arteriovenous fistula