Chapter 4- Book

Question 1

The restoration of tissue structure sand function after an injury

Answer 1

Tissue repair

Question 2

Replacement of tissue with new tissue of same type

Answer 2

Regeneration

Question 3

This type of tissue leads to fibrosis and scar formation

Answer 3

Connective tissue

Question 4

The Body tissue and organs are composed of two types of tissue:

Answer 4

Parenchymal
And
Stromal

Question 5

Actual cells of each organ (tissue type)

Ex: liver cells

Answer 5

Parenchymal

Question 6

Supporting connective tissues, blood vessels, fibroblasts, nerve fibers, and extracellular matrix.
(Ex: anything in the heart that isn’t a cardiac muscle cell)

Answer 6

Stromal tissue

Question 7

The process of increasing the # of cells of an organ or body part

Answer 7

Proliferation

Question 8

process where a cell becomes more specialized in terms of structure and function

Answer 8

Cell differentiation (specialization)

Question 9

Undifferentiated cells that are capable of producing many types of different cells

Answer 9

Stem cells

Question 10

Proliferation of cells is drive by ___________

Answer 10

Growth factor

Question 11

All different cell types in the body originate from this cell

Answer 11

Fertilized ovum

Question 12

As a cell becomes more ______, the stimulus to induce mitosis becomes more ______

Answer 12

Specialized, limited.

Question 13

What are the cell cycle phases (4)

Answer 13

G1, S, G2, M

Question 14

What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 14

Post mitotic phase.
DNA replication stops while RNA, protein synthesis and cell growth takes place.
Increase in organelles and cytoskeletal elements in prep for DNA replication in next phase

Question 15

What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 15

DNA replication, creates two separate sets of chromosomes

Each set has a ‘daughter’ chromosome that remains the stem cell (unchaged and continues to replicate)

Question 16

What happens in the G2 phase of cell cycle?

Answer 16

DNA replication stops.
RNA and protein synthesis continues …. called the PREMITOTIC phase
Enzymes and other proteins needed for cell division are synthesized and moved to their proper sites

Question 17

What happens in the M phase of cell cycle?

Answer 17

Nuclear divisions and mitosis occurs. Formation of mitotic spindles and cell division happens.

Question 18

What is the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 18

When the cells exit the normal cell cycle phase and become more specialized. They can re-enter the cell cycle though under intense conditions, however a lot fo specialized cells don’t.
EX: Neurons

Question 19

Proteins that control the entry and progression of cells through the cell cycle

Answer 19

Cyclins

Question 20

Cyclins bind to a protein called:

Answer 20

Cyclin- dependent Kinases (CDKs)

Question 21

Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins

Phorphylate means to add a phosphorous. Important in changing ADP to ATP

Answer 21

Kinases

Question 22

Body tissues are divided into 3 different types of tissues based on their ability to regenerate

What are they?

Answer 22

1. ) continuously dividing
2. ) stable
3. ) permanent tissue

Question 23

When stem cells divide what happens?

Answer 23

1 daughter cell retains the stem cell characteristics, the other daughter cell becomes the progenitor cells and undergoes the process that leads to terminal differentiation

Question 24

What are the 3 specific properties of stem cells?

Answer 24

1. ) self-renewal- can undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining undifferentiated state
2. ) asymmetric replication- mitosis creates: 1 daughter cell and 1 cell that changes
3. ) differential potential- potency of the cell to change state

Question 25

2 types of stem cells

Answer 25

1. ) embryonic stem cells

2. ) adult stem cells

Question 26

A pluripotent cell that comes from teh mass of the blastocyst stage of the embryo

• can generate many cell types

Answer 26

Embryonic stem cell

Question 27

Can generate multiple lineages of cells and are present in the bone marrow and several other tissue

Answer 27

Adult stem cells

Question 28

Small proteins that increase cell size and cell division

Answer 28

Growth factor

Question 29

Growth factor is produced by ____ and activated at the ___ of ____

Answer 29

Leukocytes

Site of injury

Question 30

Functions of growth factor (3)

Answer 30

1. ) promote cell proliferation
2. ) prevent apoptosis
3. ) enhance synthesis of cellular proteins in preparation for mitosis

Question 31

2 types of growth factor that are extremely important in healing tissues

Answer 31

1. ) VEGF- stimulate proliferation of cells. Initiates capillary sprouting in repair
2. ) FGF-2: Angiogenesis mainly by stimulating the proliferation of endothelial cells

Question 32

Extracellular matrix (ECM) has 3 basic components, what are they?

Answer 32

1. ) Fibrous structural proteins
2. ) Water-hydrated gels
3. ) adhesive glycoproteins

Question 33

There are two types of ECM, what are they?

Answer 33

Basement membrane- surrounds epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells

Interstitial matrix- present in spaces between cells in connective tissues and between the epithelium and supporting cells of the blood vessels

Question 34

With the ______ in ECM, the cells will not be able to proliferate. It will in a haphazard way, resulting in nonfunctional tissues

Answer 34

Basement membrane

Question 35

The healing process has a primary objective: _____

Answer 35

To fill the gap created by tissue destruction and to restore the structural continuity of the injured part.

Question 36

Restoration of the injured tissue to its normal structure and function by proliferation of adjacent surviving cells.

Answer 36

Tissue regeneration

Question 37

Extensive deposition of collagen that occurs in organs that are incapable of regeneration

Answer 37

Fibrosis

Question 38

Phases of tissue repair (3)

Answer 38

1. ) hemostasis, angiogenesis, ingrowth of granulation tissue
2. ) emigration of fibroblasts and deposition of extracellular matrix
3. ) maturation and reorganization of the fibrous tissue (remodeling)