Chp 3 Biological Basis For Psy Disorders Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Part of brain
Contains most of DA sensitive neurons (reward, attention, short-term memory, planning, motivation)
Executive functions: Self-control, judgemental, modification of emotions to fit social norms
A
Frontal lobe
2
Q
Parts of brain
Integration of sensory information, proprioception, math, taste, hearing, sight, touch, smell, temperature, pressure ,pain
A
Parietal
3
Q
Part of brain
Visual memory (long term from hippocampus to amygdala) process audio and visual & assigns meaning, language process,emotional association
A
Temporal Lobe
4
Q
Group of brain structures that govern emotions & behaviors.
Connected to brains pleasure center
A
Limbic system
Fornix
Corpus collosum
Thalamus
Stria terminalis
Hippocampus
Amygdala (emotions)
Mammilary bodies
Olfactory bulb
Septum (pleasure / reproduction)
5
Q
Fornix
Corpus collosum
Thalamus
Stria terminalis
Hippocampus
Amygdala (emotions)
Mammilary bodies
Olfactory bulb
Septum (pleasure / reproduction)
Make up this area of the brain
Responsible for…..
A
Limbic system
Epinephrine flow
Emotion
Behavior
Motivation
Long-term memory
Olfactory
6
Q
Neurons have 3 types of actions
A
Respond to stimuli
Conduct electronic impulses
Release neurotransmitters
7
Q
Part of the neuron that sends signals
Area in between neurons
Part of neuron that recieves signal
A
Part of the neuron that sends signals
Axon
Area in between neurons
Synapse
Part of neuron that recieves signal
Dendrite
8
Q
Changing of structure, function, and organization of neurons in response to new experiences
A
Neuroplasticity
9
Q
Neurotransmitter
Not enough
Low mood / energy
Movement disorders
Inattentive
Lack of motivation / concentration
Too much
Psychomotor agitation
Irritability
Psychosis / Hallucinations
Paranoid, Aggression, Anxiety
A
Dopamine DA
10
Q
Name Neurotransmitter
Motivation
Focus
Addiction
Mood
Energy
Learning
Psychosis
Motor function
Hallucinations
Retaining memories
A
Dopamine DA
11
Q
Name Neurotransmitter
Aggression
Sex
Social Behavior
Appetite / Digestion
Sleep
Memory
Body temp
Maintain mood / balance
A
Serotonin (5-HT)
12
Q
Too low
Low mood
Anxiety
Insomnia
OCD
Panic
Low motivation
Altered social behavior
Too much
N/V
Nervousness
HA
Akathisia
EPS
Anorexia
Sexual Side Effects
A
Serotonin (5 HT)
13
Q
This Neurotransmitter
In the brain: Inhibitory Neurotransmitter regulating
Mood
Fears
Anxiety
Relaxation
Focus
Learning
Clarity of through
In the Gut:
Satiety
Food carvings
Digestion
Nutrient absorption
Peristalsis
A
Serotonin (5 HT)
14
Q
Dopamine vs Serotonin
Which is triggered by acts of short-term pleasure/ long-term
A
Dopamine = Short term / addiction
Serotonin = Long term / (grateful for what you have)
15
Q
Neurotransmitter
Attentiveness
Emotions
Anxiety
Irritability
Focus
Learning
Memory
Mood
Fight or Flight
A
Norepinephrine (NE)
Both neurotransmitter & hormone
16
Q
Neurotransmitter
Too low
Low mood, focus, energy, motivation
Pain
Insomnia
Memory & learning issues
Too much
Tremors
Tachycardia
Hypertension
Sweating
Insomnia
Erectile dysfunction
Ejaculation Issues
A
Norepinephrine
17
Q
Isocarboxazid
Phenelzine
Selegiline
Tranylcypromine
When combined with Tyramine rich foods. Cheese, Fermented Foods, Alcohol, Nuts, Pickled
Will raise this neurotransmitter _____
Possibly causing a Hypertensive crisis
A
Norepinephrine
18
Q
What does GABA (gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) do?
What will happen from a lack of GABA
A
Inhibits neurons from firing uncontrollably.
Lack of GABA = Anxiety, seizures, insomnia
19
Q
This neurotransmitter can be used as an anticonvulsant & muscle relaxor
A
GABA
20
Q
Neurotransmitter
Alzheimer’s
Consolidation of traumatic memories
Cognitive function & Behavior Tasks
A
Glutamate
Too much glutamate over stimulates the brain cells causing death & calcium to enter which also has problems
21
Q
Major excitatory neurotransmitter
Can “turn on” almost all CNS neurons
Too much under stress can cause hippocampal damage
A
Glutamate
22
Q
Difference between GABA & Glutamate
A
GABA = Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate = Major excitatory neurotransmitter
Turns on or off other CNS neurons
23
Q
Histamine is associated with
Alertness or Sedation
A
Histamine associated with Alertness
Antihistamines = Sedation
24
Q
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Role memory and leaning
Affects sexual & Aggressive behavior
Stimulates parasympathetic NS:SLUDD
What does SLUDD stand for
A
Salivation:
Lacrimation:
Urination:
Digestion:
Defecation:
25
Decrease in Acetycholine (Ach) is associated with....
Increase...
Decreased = Alzheimer's, Huntington, Parkinson's
Increase = Depression
26
Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are both messengers released by neurons that affect cells in the nervous system, but they differ in several ways:
Release
___________ are released at specialized junctions
_______ can be released in the central nervous system or periphery.
Target
________ target fast-acting ionic neuroreceptors
_______ target slower G-protein neuroreceptors.
Effect
________ affect one or two postsynaptic neurons, muscle cells, or other effector cells.
________ affect groups of neurons or effector cells. Can also alter the cellular or synaptic properties of neurons, which changes how they respond to neurotransmitters.
Duration
________ can produce long-lasting effects.
Function
_________ are directly responsible for information transmission
_______ are thought to play a role in cognition, emotion, and behavior, and may control brain states that underlie different behaviors, such as sleep and arousal
Release
Neurotransmitters = specialized junctions
Neuromodulators = released in the central nervous system or periphery.
Target
Neurotransmitters target fast-acting ionic neuroreceptors
neuromodulators target slower G-protein neuroreceptors.
Effect
Neurotransmitters affect one or two postsynaptic neurons, muscle cells, or other effector cells
Neuromodulators affect groups of neurons or effector cells. Neuromodulators can also alter the cellular or synaptic properties of neurons, which changes how they respond to neurotransmitters.
Duration
Neuromodulators = long-lasting
Function
Neurotransmitters = information
Neuromodulators play a role in cognition, emotion, and behavior, and brain states ie, sleep and arousal.
27
Match Neuromodulators: Peptides
Substance P (SP), Somatostatin (SRIF), Neurotensin (NT)
Altered levels are associated with cognitive disease
Antipsychotic-like properties
(Enhances sensitivity to pain. Regulation of mood & anxiety. Promotes & reinforces memory)
Somatostatin (SRIF)
Altered levels are associated with cognitive disease
Neurotensin (NT)
Antipsychotic-like properties
Substance P (SP)
(Enhances sensitivity to pain. Regulation of mood & anxiety. Promotes & reinforces memory)
28
EEG
A non-invasive test that measures electrical activity in the brain.
Electrodes attached to the scalp to pick up electrical signals
EEGs can help diagnose ________, as well as show how other brain disorders affect brain wave patterns.
Can't show physical abnormalities in the brain, such as damage.
epilepsy and other seizure disorders
29
Nursing considerations for EEG. (
Eat regular meal
Avoid caffeine, nicotine, alcohol
Avoid hair products
Avoid avoid sedatives, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics
30
Diagnose disease or injury:
Tumors, blood clots, bone fractures, stomach inflammation, and more
Plan treatment:
Guide biopsies, surgeries, radiation treatment.
Monitor treatment:
Performed with or without a contrast agent to help visualize
CT
Computerized Axial tomography
31
CT scan used to look for damaged areas of the body. What are nursing considerations
Take off some or all your clothing and wear a hospital gown.
Remove metal objects, such as belts, jewelry, dentures and eyeglasses, that might affect image results.
Not eat or drink for a few hours before your scan.
Stop Metformin before use with contrast dye
32
Technology:
CT Scan: Uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body.
MRI: Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images.
Image Detail:
CT Scan: Better for viewing bone structures and detecting bleeding.
MRI: Provides more detailed images of soft tissues, such as the brain, muscles, and ligaments.
Radiation Exposure:
CT Scan: Involves ionizing radiation.
MRI: No ionizing radiation is used.
Speed:
CT Scan: Generally quicker, often taking just a few minutes.
MRI: Can take longer, usually between 15 to 60 minutes.
Contrast Agents:
CT Scan: Often uses iodine-based contrast agents.
MRI: Uses gadolinium-based contrast agents.
Suitability for Certain Conditions:
CT Scan: Preferred for emergency situations, trauma, and detecting cancers.
MRI: Better for diagnosing brain disorders, spinal cord issues, and joint abnormalities.
Cost:
CT Scan: Generally less expensive.
MRI: Usually more expensive.
T or F
T
33
Technology:
Uses radioactive tracers and a special camera to produce images of metabolic processes in the body.
Purpose:
Primarily used to observe cellular activity and metabolic processes, often for cancer diagnosis, monitoring treatment response, and assessing brain function.
Tracer:
Involves injecting a small amount of radioactive material (radiotracer) into the body. The tracer accumulates in areas with high metabolic activity.
Image Detail:
Provides information about how tissues and organs are functioning, rather than just structural details.
Radiation Exposure:
Involves exposure to a small amount of radiation from the radiotracer.
Procedure Time:
Typically takes about 30 minutes to 1 hour, including both the tracer injection and the scanning process.
Combining with Other Scans: Often combined with CT (PET/CT) or MRI (PET/MRI) to provide detailed anatomical and functional information.
Preparation:
Patients may need to fast for several hours before the scan and avoid strenuous exercise.
Clinical Use:
Commonly used for cancer detection, evaluating brain disorders, and examining heart function.
Name procedure
PET scan
Positron emission tomography
34
Difference in Use between EEG, (CT & MRI), & PET Scan
EEG looks at brain waves mostly for seizures
CT & MRI Structural Damage Tumors, Strokes, Brain Damage
PET: Evaluates brain function, such as which areas are active during specific tasks, cognitive processes, or changes in brain activity in various conditions.
PET:
35
U.S. federal law enacted in 2008 to protect individuals from discrimination based on their genetic information
GINA
36
Technology: Utilizes the same magnetic fields and radio waves as MRI, but focuses on detecting changes in blood oxygen levels (BOLD signal) to infer brain activity.
fMRI
MRI provides detailed anatomical images
fMRI evaluates brain activity and function in real-time.
37
Norepinephrine & Glutamate: Do what to the neuron
GABA & Serotonin: Do what to the Neuron
Acetylcholine & Dopamine Do what to the Neuron
Norepinephrine & Glutamate: Excite
GABA & Serotonin: Inhibit
Acetylcholine & Dopamine Excite & Inhibit
Cause the Neuron to fire from action potential
38
Nervous System 2 main parts...
The Peripheral NS is divided into 2 parts.....
Motor (Efferent) is divided into 2 parts....
Autonomic (Involuntary) is divided into 2 parts....
CNS & Peripheral NS
Peripheral = Sensory (Afferent) & Motor (Efferent)
Motor (Efferent) = Somatic (Voluntary) & Autonomic (Involuntary)
Autonomic (Involuntary) = Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)
Parasympathetic (Rest or Digest)
39
Down Regulation
Up Regulation
Down Regulation = Less available receptors for a neurotransmitters.
Exp.
Opioid Receptors & Chronic Opioid Use: With chronic opioid use the brain is exposed to high levels of opioid neurotransmitters.
In response, the brain downregulates (decreases) the number of opioid receptors, leading to tolerance.
Dopamine Receptors and Drug Addiction: Chronic Stimulant use will artificially increase Dopamine level. Downregulation of dopamine receptors avoid overstimulation, resulting in a reduced sensitivity to dopamine. Creating tolerance and dependence. Need more drugs to get high
Up Regulation: More available receptors for neurotransmitters.
Exp.
Dopamine Receptors in Parkinson's Parkinson's = decrease in dopamine ( loss of dopamine-producing neurons)
To compensate brain upregulates dopamine receptors, increasing their sensitivity to dopamine to maintain normal functioning.
Antidepressants and Serotonin Receptors:
(SSRIs), increase serotonin levels. Over time, as serotonin levels rise, the brain may upregulate (increase) the number of certain serotonin receptors to enhance the effects of serotonin.
40
What goes up must come down
Rule 1 of 3 in neurotransmitters.
What is this rule stating
That Withdrawal effects will be the oppsite of intoxication from drugs.
Ie. Cocaine with drawl go down
Heroine Withdrawal go up
41
Rule 2 of 3 Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are not easily fooled.
Describes Upregulation & Downregulation
Give examples.
Upregulation & Antidepressants
Downregulation & Opioid receptors
Upregulation
Antidepressants and Serotonin Receptors: Some antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), increase serotonin levels in the brain. Over time, as serotonin levels rise, the brain may upregulate (increase) the number of certain serotonin receptors to enhance the effects of serotonin.
Downregulation
Opioid Receptors and Chronic Opioid Use: When someone uses opioid drugs (e.g., morphine or heroin) chronically, the brain is exposed to high levels of opioid neurotransmitters. In response, the brain downregulates (decreases) the number of opioid receptors, leading to tolerance, where more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect.
42
Rule 3 of 3 Neurotransmitters
With great power comes great responsibility
Stating that the strongest Neurotransmitters also have the greatest SE
125,000$ Psych NP job
43
Describe
Full agonist
Partial agonist
Neutral Antagonist
Inverse agonist
Full agonist: Mimics affects of Neurotransmitter
Partial agonist: Mimics to partial lower point
Neutral Antagonist: Blocks affects of Neurotransmitters
Inverse agonist: Produces oppsite effect to Neurotransmitters
44
Give examples of Full agonist, Partial agonist, Neutral Antagonist, Inverse Agonist.
Using opioids as an example
Full Agonist:
Example: Morphine acting on opioid receptors.
Explanation: A full agonist binds to a receptor and activates it, producing the maximum possible response.
Partial Agonist:
Example: Buprenorphine acting on opioid receptors.
Explanation: A partial agonist binds to a receptor and activates it but only produces a partial response, even if all receptors are occupied.
Neutral Antagonist:
Example: Naloxone acting on opioid receptors.
Explanation: A neutral antagonist binds to a receptor but does not activate it. Instead, it blocks the receptor, preventing other substances (like a full agonist) from binding and activating it. Naloxone binds to opioid receptors without activating them, but it blocks opioids like morphine or heroin from binding, thus reversing their effects.
inverse agonist
Opioid receptors is naloxone methiodide when it acts on the μ-opioid receptor. Unlike naloxone (which is typically a neutral antagonist), naloxone methiodide can exhibit inverse agonist properties by reducing the basal activity of the μ-opioid receptor, thereby producing effects opposite to those of opioid agonists.
This means that instead of just blocking the receptor, naloxone methiodide can decrease any inherent activity the receptor might have in the absence of an agonist, potentially leading to effects like withdrawal symptoms in someone dependent on opioids.
45
Drive
psychOsis
Parkinsonism
Attention
Motor
Inhibition of Prolactin
Narcotics
Extrapyrmidal
Describes this neurotransmitter
Dopamine
46
Neurotransmitter
Governs Motivation & Reward
Exp. Sex, Gambling, Drugs, Fun Social Interactions, Food, Exercise
Dopamine
47
Drugs that block ( this neurotransmitter) medigate (lessen) features of psychosis. (Hallucinations & Delusions)
Give examples of drugs that block dopamine
Dopamine
Exp.
Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics):
Example: Haloperidol, Risperidone, Olanzapine
Anti-Nausea Medications:
Example: Metoclopramide & Prochlorperazine
(Blocking dopamine lessens N/V esp. In chemo patients)
Mood Stabilizers with Dopamine Antagonist Properties:
Example: Lithium
Use: While lithium is primarily known as a mood stabilizer, it also has some dopamine antagonist effects, which may contribute to its effectiveness in treating bipolar disorder by reducing mania and stabilizing mood swings.
48
Decreased ability to secrete dopamine is the core of this disease pathology
Parkinsons
Motor / Extrapiramidal issues
49
Dopamine increases or decreases Attention
Increases
50
This neurotransmitter is most associated with the Reward Pathway
Dopamine
51
Functions
Head: Depression, anxiety, social interaction, sex drive, migraine
Red: Platelets binding
Fed: Drives GI motility & Neausa
Serotonin
52
What condition
Headache, confusion, agitation
Hyperthermia, hypertonia, Diaphoresis, Tachycardia
Mortality 2 - 12 %
Serotonin Syndrome
Too much Serotonin
53
What is 5-HT
Serotonin
54
Which nervous system is Norepinephrine associated with
Sympathetic
55
How is Acetylcholine like the oppsite of Norepinephrine?
Acetylcholine Governs the Parasympathetic NS (Rest y Digest)
56
Acetylcholine
Describe effects
Autonomic: (Parasympathetic) lowers everything, Rest, Digest, Sexual
Contraction: Slows down used to treat diseases like Myasthenia gravis
Hippocampus: Learning, Memory, Awakeness, Attention.
57
Increase in which neurotransmitters is helpful in improving memory associated with dementia
ACH
Acetylcholine
58
ACH
Autonomic (Parasympathetic)
Contraction (Muscles)
Hippocampus (Memory)
Is this neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
59
( Too Little / Too much)
Dopamine: Schizophrenia and mania, addictive and compulsive behaviors, aggression, and anxiety.
( Too little / too much )
Dopamine: Parkinson’s disease, depression, cognitive impairment, and lack of motivation.
Too much: Psychosis, Addiction, Aggression, Mania, Compulsion
Too little: Parkinsons, EPS symptoms, Cognitive impairment, lack of motivation
60
tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability.
This occurs due to the reduced dopamine activity in the nigrostriatal pathway.
Describes which EPS from a High potency 1st generation antipsychotic
Parkinsonism
61
feeling of inner restlessness and an urgent need to move, often leading to repetitive movements like pacing or fidgeting.
Distressing for many patients.
Describes which EPS from a High potency 1st generation antipsychotic
Akathisia
62
involuntary muscle contractions, leading to abnormal postures or movements, often of the neck, face, or limbs.
Can be severe and painful.
Describes which EPS from a High potency 1st generation antipsychotic
Dystonia
63
Chronic and often irreversible condition
Repetitive, involuntary movements, especially of the face, lips, tongue, and limbs.
Associated with long-term use of antipsychotics.
Describes which EPS from a High potency 1st generation antipsychotic
Tardive dyskinesia
64
(This Neuromodulator)
is like a messenger that carries pain signals in the body. When you get hurt, it helps transmit the pain message to your brain, so you feel pain.
It’s also involved in inflammation and can affect mood and anxiety.
Substance P
65
(This Neuromodulator)
Acts like a traffic cop for hormones, slowing things down. It regulates and reduces the release of certain hormones and neurotransmitters, helping to control things like digestion, growth, and insulin production.
Somatostatin
66
(This Neuromodulators)
Is like a calming agent in the brain. It helps regulate how the brain processes dopamine, which is involved in mood, reward, and movement.
Reduce pain, help with stress, and affect body temperature and digestion.
Neurotensin
67
Life-threatening reaction that can occur in response to antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications.
Symptoms include high fever, confusion, rigid muscles, variable blood pressure, sweating, and fast heart rate.
Complications may include rhabdomyolysis, high blood potassium, kidney failure, or seizures.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
68
CT or MRI
Better at viewing:
Acute Bleeding:
Acute bleeding in the brain, such as from a stroke or trauma.
Skull Fractures:
Bone structure, Fractures in the skull.
Emergency Situations:
Quick to perform, for emergencies
CT Scan
69
CT scan or MRI
Soft Tissue Detail:
Brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, and other abnormalities.
Brain Anatomy:
Brain conditions like stroke, dementia, or developmental anomalies.
Brainstem and Spinal Cord:
Provides clearer images
MRI
70
This diagnostic imaging can detect
Alzheimer’s Disease:
Identify brain activity and glucose metabolism that are characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease
Reduced activity in the temporal and parietal lobes.
Parkinson’s Disease:
Revealing decreased dopamine transporter levels in the brain.
Epilepsy:
Abnormal brain metabolism associated with epileptic seizures. Help in localizing seizure foci for surgical planning.
Brain Tumors:
Areas of increased metabolic activity, which is often seen in cancerous tissues.
Brain Infections and Inflammation:
Encephalitis or meningitis.
Neurodegenerative Disorders:
Huntington’s disease or frontotemporal dementia
PET Scan
71
myoclonus
Muscl3 Jerks
72
periactin, sansert, inderal
Use...
Block serotonin receptors in Serotonin Syndrome
zyprexa: used to treat mild symptoms
73
venalaxine & desvenalfaxine
Class
Nursing considerations
SNRI
venalaxine & desvenalfaxine: monitor BP (htn)
74
NE and D2 reuptake inhibitor (NDRI)
buproprion (Wellbutrin, Zyban, Forfivo XL)
no sexual dysfunction
can cause weight loss
contraindicated:
-seizure disorder
-ETOH withdrawal
-BDZ withdrawal
-eating disorders
75
SSRI and 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (SPARI)
vilazodone (Viibryd)
causes weight gain, GI problems, joint pain (arthralgia)
contraindicated:
-abrupt stop
Elderly
76
vortioxetine (Trintellix)
avoid in elderly
caution:
-abrupt withdrawal
-seizure disorder
Class...
Serotongic Antidepressants
77
mirtazapine (Remeron): tetracyclic
Labs....
SE.....
caution:
-hepatic and renal impairment
-seizure disorders
SE:
-agranulocytosis
-neutropenia
-stevens-johnsons
Weigh gain
78
Lithium
Therapeutic dose vs Toxicity dose
0.5 1.5 therapeutic
>1.6 toxic
79
Lithium test to monitor
lithium levels
electrolytes
kidney function
pregnancy test
thyroid function
80
Lithium SE
Bradycardia
ataxia/acne
tremor/hypothyroid
teratogenic
edema
rash/renal toxicity
LeukocYtosis
81
carbamazapine Mood stabilizer
Therapeutic level
SE
4 - 12
SE
SE:
-anticholinergic effects
-OH
-pruritis
-HTN
-ataxia
arrhythmias
-caution hx ETOH
-steven johnsons
-decreases birth control
82
valproate (depakote, depakene)
Therapeutic range
SE: ....
Indicated: Bipolar depression
Labs
useful for rapid cyclers
therapeutic range: 50-100
look for valproic acid level
SE:
-weight gain
-mental dulling
-tremor
-hair loss
-loss libido
labs:
-platelets
Liver
Pancreas
83
lamotrigine (Lamictal)
helpful with depression r/t BPD
personality disorder
therapeutic range: 3-14
-unsure of toxicity
modulates the release of glutamate
highest risk for steven johnsons
-children/Asians
SE:
-dizziness
-ataxia
-blurred vision
-HA
-anticholinergic
-photosensitivity
84
Lock jaw can happen from high potency antipsychotics 1st generation
Name a serious symptom
Acute dystonia
85
artane
cogentin
benadryl
ingrezza
Used for...
Controlling EPS
86
Describes:
high fever: >38C
-diaphoresis
muscle rigidity
increased CPK level: due to muscle breakdown
-and liver enzymes
LOC changes
tachy
labile or high BP
dysphagia
incotinence
leukocytosis
neuroleptic malignant syndrom
From 1st generation antipsychotic med
Or withdrawal from
87
poor antipsychotic; better as a mood stabilizer
less sedation
may cause insomnia
no weight gain
can be used to treat BPD with other meds
aripiprazole (Abilify, Aristada)
88
The following maybe used for...
atomoxetine (Strattera)
-GI upset, weight loss, dizziness, mania, aggressive behavior
guanfacine (Tenex, Intuniv)
-sleepiness, low BP, GI upset
clonidine (Kapvay)
-irritability, fatigue, drowsiness, low BP, dizziness, URI, nightmares
viloxazine (Qelbree)
off-label:
buproprion (Wellbutrin)
venlafaxine (Effexor
ADHD meds
non-stimulants
89
3 stages of stress
alarm/acute stress stage
resistance/adaptation stage
exhaustion stage
90
true or false: serotonin synthesis is more active in the alarm phase
true or false: serotonin synthesis is more active in the alarm phase
true
over time, unremitting synthesis may impair serotonin receptor sites and the brain's ability to use serotonin
-may be why chronic stress is correlated with depression
91
which reaction to stress is healthy?
a. distress
b. eustress
c. stressor
d. none of the above
Eustress is a positive type of stress that can have beneficial effects on health, motivation, performance, and emotional
92
Fear is anxiety
T or F
false
fear is a reaction to a specific danger
