Chromosomes and DNA

Question 1

Basal Transcription

Answer 1

low level of Transcription

Question 2

DNA polymerase

Answer 2

Enzyme, synthesizes new DNA in 5’–>3’ direction + proofreads it

Question 3

Transcription

Answer 3

Process of expressing DNA in RNA (in Nucleus)

Question 4

Nucleoside

Answer 4

Sugar+Base

Question 5

Transcriptionfactors

Answer 5

Factors that regulate Transcription

Question 6

Chromatin

Answer 6

Components of DNA (a-Helix structure + Proteins)

Question 7

lariat-structure

Answer 7

Formation of Intron, in which the Splice Donor Site binds to an A in the MRN and forms loop –> ,,lariat” (Lasso)

Question 8

RNA Processing

Answer 8

Process to form mRNA from preRNA by cutting off the Introns and adding a CAP- structure and a polyA tail

Question 9

DNA primase

Answer 9

Synthesises RNA primer

Question 10

Interphase DNA

Answer 10

30nm fibre folded into loops

Question 11

RNA repair DNA polymerase

Answer 11

Turns RNA Primer into DNA

Question 12

RNA-polymerase 3

Answer 12

Transcribes tRNA + 5SRNA genes

Question 13

DNA ligase

Answer 13

Links Okazaki fragments

Question 14

Replication fork

Answer 14

“bubble” where DNA replication takes place

Question 15

alternative Splicing

Answer 15

Cutting out of eg. mutations in Exons and thereby mimimization of damage to protein

Question 16

Nucleosome

Answer 16

Stage of Packed DNA consisting of Histones and ca. 11nm wide

Question 17

Splice Donor Site

Answer 17

Site at Begining of an Intron, Starts with Sequence GU

Question 18

30nm fibre

Answer 18

6 Nucleosomes next to each other stacked together, 30nm wide, 40 fold condensatin

Question 19

Translation

Answer 19

Process of eypressing RNA into Aminoacidsequence (Protein) in Cytoplasm

Question 20

RNA-polymerase 1

Answer 20

Transcribes rRNA genes

Question 21

Leading strand

Answer 21

Leitstrang, DNA strand which can be duplicated with only one Primer needed (5’–>3’ direction)

Question 22

Splice Aceptor Site

Answer 22

Site at End of Intron, Sequence almost always Pyr15NCGA

Question 23

RNA-polymerase 2

Answer 23

Transcribes mRNAn!!!!

Question 24

Bidirektional replication

Answer 24

Replication takes places in two directions and many replication forks simmutaniously so replication is faster

Question 25

CAP structure

Answer 25

Structure wich is added at the begining of mRNA 5' End as recognitionof mRNA --\> important for Translation and protection of mRNA

Question 26

mRNA

Answer 26

mRNA Template for translation (formed during transcription)

Question 27

Gene expression

Answer 27

Process of "using" a gene

Question 28

Lagging Strand

Answer 28

Folgestrang, DNA strand which needs several primers to complete replication (3'--\>5' direction)

Question 29

tRNA

Answer 29

transfer RNA, brings Aminoacids to form Protein

Question 30

Antisense strand

Answer 30

DNA strand that is template for RNA formation (3'--\>5')

Question 31

Sliding Clamp

Answer 31

Protein that holds DNA polymerase on DNA for synthesis

Question 32

Nucleotide

Answer 32

Phosphate+Sugar+Base

Question 33

Spliceosome

Answer 33

Splicing Complex (snRNAP + Intron+Exon)

Question 34

DNA helicase

Answer 34

Separates DNA Strands for replication by using ATP

Question 35

pre-RNA

Answer 35

RNA which still needs to undergo RNA Processing to become RNA

Question 36

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 36

exists

Question 37

polyA tail

Answer 37

Tail of Adenines which es beeing added at End of mRNA 3' to protect RNA 11-30 Bases after AAUAAA sequence

Question 38

sense Strand

Answer 38

DNA stand that equals expressed RNA strand (5'--\>3')

Question 39

Non-coding RNAs

Answer 39

Any RNA molecule that is not translated into protein Functional housekeeping RNA

Question 40

target DNA

Answer 40

DNA which should be replicated (in Cell based Cloning) DNA which should be analysed (In NA hybidisation)

Question 41

replicon

Answer 41

DNA Sequence which is capable of indipendent replication (e.g. bacteria plasmid) and is beeing used in Cell based Cloning

Question 42

Restriction Endonuclease

Answer 42

Specific Enzyme which cuts target DNA and replicon (with compatible ends) Recognises specific Base Pair sequences

Question 43

Blunt Ends

Answer 43

When Ribunuclease cuts straigth to two base pairs: AC TG TG AC

Question 44

Sticky Ends

Answer 44

When Endonuclease cuts not evenly throuhg Bases: AGC T TC GA

Question 45

Seperation of DNA by Electrophoresis

Answer 45

DNA phosphate backbone is negatively charged When current applied travels to + ENd The smaller the DNA sequences, the further they travel

Question 46

PCR (+Key processes)

Answer 46

Polymerase Chain Reaction Denaturation (94°) Annealing (50-60°) Extending (72°)

Question 47

Primers in PCR

Answer 47

- 20 NT --\> specific equal Tm to DNA avoid complementary 5', 3' Ends

Question 48

Hybridisation Stringency

Answer 48

Accurancy with which complementary base paris bind to each other High = one to one match Low = Some mismatched occur Higher with higher Temperatures and Lower Salt concentrations

Question 49

Nucleid Acid Hybridisation

Answer 49

Target DNA immobisised on statinary Marked probe DNA added + binds to complementary strand

Question 50

pre-initiation complex

Answer 50

Complex formed by tRNA (+Met), ribosomal subunit, GTP, elF2

Question 51

Peptidyl transferase

Answer 51

Enzyme that catalysis peptide bond formation

Question 52

Elongation factors (ELF)

Answer 52

Promote movement of ribosome with use of GTP

Question 53

What is needed for PCR?

Answer 53

DNA 2 RNA primers Taq (or heat stable) DNA polymerase Nucleotides

Question 54

What are possible post translational modifications?

Answer 54

Proteolytic cleavage Disulphide bond formation Addition of carbohydrate (Glycosylation) Addition of phosphate (Phosphorylation) Addition of lipid groups (Acylation, Prenylation)