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Year 1 MCD > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

dimer

A

molecule, which consists of tow identical subunits (monomers)

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2
Q

Fibril-associated collagens

A

Collagens (eg. IX, XII) that attach to fibril collagens –> important for organization of collagen

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3
Q

Nework-forming Collagen

A

IV –> forms network, present in all basement membranes

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4
Q

Elastic fibres components

A

Elastin (core Protein) + Microfibrils (rich in Fibrilin) –> Mutation = Marfans syndrome

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5
Q

Extracellular Matrix (Definition)

A

Network of proteins and carnohydrates filling up space between cells + fluids

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6
Q

Extracellular Matrix (Functions)

A

Physical support Influences growth Tissue and organ adhesion and differentiation –> Determines Property of tissue

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7
Q

Relationship between EM and Connective Tissues

A

Connective Tissues are extremely rich in EM connective tissues contain

  • collagens
  • multi-adhesive glycoproteins
  • proteoglycans (all EM)

together with a cellular component

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8
Q

List Examples of Human Disorders derived from ECM pathology

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Collagen Type 1)

Marfan´s Syndrome (fibirilin)

Scurvy (Collagen. –> Vitamin C)

Ehler’s Danos Syndrome –> Fibrillar Collagen

Congential Muscular dystrophy (Laminin)

Epidermolysis Bullosa ( Multi-adhesive-glycoproteins)

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9
Q

Major Components of ECM

A

Collagens

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

Protepglycans

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10
Q

Collagens (Biosynthesis and post translational modifications (functional + structural))

A

Biosynthesis: Synthesis of pro-alpha chain

Hydroxylation of distinctive Lysines and Prolines

Glycosylation of selective Hydroxylysines –>Procollagen

triple Helix Cleavage of propeptides (–> for fibrillar collagen, N+C terminal ejected –> Fibrins: Crosslinks)

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11
Q

Collagens Function

A

To resist tension

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12
Q

Collagen Assembly

A

single alpha chain

triple alpha helix

collagen fibril

Collagen fibre

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13
Q

Elastic fibres Composition

A

Core Protein: Elastin (hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas, form crosslinks) Surrounded by Microfibrils (–> Fibrilin) Often combines with collagen to limit elasticity –> Mutation in Fibrilin e.g. Marfan’s syndrome

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14
Q

Elastic fibres Funktion

A

to make things Elastic–> When stretching densely packed proteins stretch out, stay linked at some points

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15
Q

Basement Membrane (Definition and Function)

A

Basal Laminae Specialised Extracellular Matrix, underly Epithelials cells and tubes, surround muscles –> separation

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16
Q

Major Components of Basement Membrane

A

Collagen IV –> Forming big network –> Stabilization Laminin –> Special muti-adhesice glykoprotein –> three chins forming large cross shaped molecule, multi adhesive, Mutation : Epidermolysis Bullosa, Congential Musculat distrophy –> joining everything together Perlecan (Proteoglycans) –> Core protein with glycosaminoglycan chains) –> cross-links many extracellular matrix (ECM) components and cell-surface molecules

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17
Q

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

A

Big molecules, bind to cell surface receptors and other EM components –> Link everything e.g. Laminin and Fibronectin (link of actin skeleton and Collagen)

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18
Q

Proteoglycans

A

core Protein chain with other glycosaminioglycan (was GAG) chains attached

–> Highly negatively charged e.g. stabilization due tue attraction of NA+ and Water –> buffer

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19
Q

Name three parts of Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments

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20
Q

Microtubules

A

alpha and beta tubulin

25nm

major component of cilia and flagella

tracks for movement of organells within the cell

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21
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

different, characteristic for different cell types rope like filaments 10-15 nm mecanical strength, involved in cell-cell junctions

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22
Q

Microfilaments

A

Determine cell shape and cell movement

actin 5-9nm

Interact with adhesion belts and other plasma membrane proteins

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23
Q

List main cell type group

A

Connective tissue cells (bone, cartilage) Contractile tissue cells (muscle) Haematopoietic cells (blood cells) Neural (Nerves) Epithelia cells (Skin, surface)

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24
Q

Tissue Definition

A

group of cells wich type organization and architecture is integral to its function –> Include Cells EM, Fluid

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25
Malignant Connective tissue cells, contractile tissue cells
Sarcoma
26
Malignant Haematopoetic cells
Leukemia (bone marrow) Lymphomas (Lymphocytes)
27
Malignant Neural Cells
Neuroblastom (neuron) Glioma (Glia)
28
Malignant Epithelia Cells
Carcinoma
29
Classification of epithelia (shape vs. stratification)
Shape: Squamous (flat) Cuboidal (aprox. cube) Columnar (long) Layering: Simple(single layer), stratified (Multiple layers), pseudeo-stratified (looks stratified, but all surface cells are attached to basal)
30
Epithelial Functions
- Transport - Absorption - Sekretion - Protection
31
Transporitng Epithelial Cells
Large surface ion transporters in Membrane Many Mitochondrias (at basal)
32
Absorbtive Epithelia
Large surface (Microvilli)
33
Secretory Epithelia
Extentive rough ER + Golgi Secretoriy ganules in apal (exocrine) Secretory granules in basal (exocrine)
34
Protective epithelia
usually stratified squamous 1. Kreatinising--\> dry, dead cells at surface 2. Non.Kreatinising --\> wet, cells are alive, nuclei visible
35
List differnet morphologies of neurons
Unipolar --\> rare, one axon projection Pseudo-unipolar --\> one axom projection, spliting of this one end Bipolar --\> two projections Multipolar --\> multiple projections
36
Cell Body of Neurons
Soma Perikaryon --\> Nucleus and Neurofilaments
37
Axon Hügel
Axon hillock
38
Astrocytes
Cell type in CNS - Structure - Cell repair - can respond to immune - uptake and release of ions and neurotranmitters
39
Oligodendrocyte
Myelin in CNS One cell Several projectinos, several Axon segments
40
Schwann cell
Myelin in PNS One cell one axon segment
41
Microglial cell
Immune response in CNS, similar to macrophages
42
Ependymal cell
Epithelia cell in CNS Fluid production and controll
43
Saltatory conduction
Ap "jumps" over Axon
44
Ranviersche Schnütung
Nodes of Ranvier
45
Antagonist Muscles
Muscels in Pairs: Flexon (contracts) and Extensor
46
Isotonic muscle contraction
Lenght of Muscle changes | (concentric and eccentric)
47
Concentric muscle contraction
Muscle shortens
48
Eccentric muscle contraction
lengthering
49
Isometric muscle contraction
Tension develops, no chnage in length
50
Skeletal Muscle composition
- Bundles (Myofibres) --\> fused lon cylindric cells, multinuclei Contain Myofibrils --\> Straited appearence (dark and bright) --\> Smalest functional unit: Sarcomere
51
Sarcomere
Smallest functinoal unit - Z-lines Myosin and Myosin Heads Actin Titin --\> hoald Myosin in place Tropomyosin --\> around actin Nebulin Tropomudolin
52
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR):
extensive network of Ca2+-stores surrounding each myofibril
53
T-tubules
Membrane shape that ensure contact to extracellular fluid (SR)
54
Excitation in sceletal muscle
- AP along membrane changes confirmation of dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR) - release of Calcium out of SR by activation of ryanodine receptors (RyR) -
55
ryanodine receptors (RyR)
Receptors on SR, activation by confirmation change in dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR) --\> allow Ca2+ influx
56
dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)
On Membrane in t-tubules --\> confirmation change by AP--\> activate RyR
57
Contraction in Skeletal muscle
Ca2+ binds to troponin --\> moves Tropomyosin on Actin --\> Myosin Heads can bind to Actin - Release of Bound ADP --\> confirmation change: movement of Myosin Head --\> power shift (pull Actin to centre) - ATP binds to Myosin Head, release of Pi-, moves Myosin head into previous position --\> repeat
58
Difference of Exitement-Contraction coupling in heart and Skeletal muscle
Difference: Inducing the Contraction Skeletal: AP causes confirmation change in DHPR Heart AP causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) to open --\> Both causes change in RyR and contraction Heart :Ca2+ Influx (Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release (CICR))
59
Cardiac muscle structure and binding
Cardimyocytes - individual cells, connected through special regions ("intercalatated disks") contatining many gap junctions
60
Smooth muscle
Compelx: Irregular arrangement of actin and myosin filaments Contraction involves Ca2+, calmodulin& myosin light chain kinase
61
Functions of cell signaling
Process information Self - preservation Voluntary movement Homeostasis
62
Endocrine cell signaling
Hormone travells through blood vessels to distant target cell --\> Glucagon/Insulin produced in pancreas travels to liver Intercellular signaling
63
Paracrine cell signaling
Cell signaling between adjacent cells Insulin within Pancreas (inhibition of glucagon) Intercellular signaling
64
Autocrine cell signaling
Signals from one cells to itself e.g. IL 2 on T-lymphocytes Intercellular signaling
65
Membrane attached protein signaling
Two cells bind to each other via receptors and transmit signals /information APC and Lymphpcytes Intercellular signaling
66
Iontropic receptors
Intracellular signaling Ligand binding to receptor --\> conformation change --\> pore opens for ions * Nicotinic AChreceptor * GABAAreceptor
67
Enzyme linked cell signaling (function and examples)
Ligand binding --\> Clustering of Receptor --\> acivation of enzyme in cytoplasmic domain --\> phosphoylation, changes binding affinity --\> enzyme binds, further processing of information Intracellular signaling Insulin receptor --\> glucose uptake ErbBreceptor --\>cell proliferation; natriuretic peptides --\> vasodilation
68
Intracellular receptors
Cytosolic (type 1) and Nuclear (type 2) Ligand binding to receptor causes release of other associated, component glucocorticoid receptors --\> down regulate immune response
69
Gprotein receptors (basic principle)
Ligand binds to membrane bound part of receptor --\> confirmation change G Protein (trimer + GDP) binds to receptor, excahnge of GDP to GTP, release of Galpha and GTP Ga+GTP binding to target protein --\> energy transfer --\> dephosphorylation Reunion of G alpha and Gbetagamma sumbunits
70
Gs subunit (priciple + example)
Differnet G alpha subunit, stimmulation of adenylyl cyclase) --\> release of cAMP --\> activation of protein kinase A (PKA) e.g. ß1 adreneric receptors increasing heart rate
71
Gi subunit (principle and example)
inhibition of adenylyl cyclase --\> reduces level of protein Kinase A (PKA) e.g. M2- muscarinig receptor --\> reduces heart rate
72
Gq subunit (principle and example)
Break down of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG IP3 --\> Ca2+ release DAG --\> activates PKC important in smooth muscle contraction and vasodialation e.g. AT-1 angiotensin receptor --\> vasoconstriction
73
Cell junctions: Zonulae
continuous belts e.g. tight junctions and adhesion belts
74
maculae cell junctions
spot junctions, desmosomes

Year 1 MCD (10 decks)

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