Metabolism

Question 1

Coupled reactions

Answer 1

Several reactions take place because they are coupled to a energetically favorable one (on its own not favorable)

Question 2

Induces fit model

Answer 2

Enzymes change conformation when substrate bonds to it

Question 3

Co-factor/Coenzyme

Answer 3

Molecule that catalyze reaction, makes protein reaction possible but would be useless without protein (e.g. NADH+)

Question 4

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 4

Production of ATP by direct transfer of Phosphate from the Substrate to ADP

Question 5

Prosthetic group

Answer 5

Coenzymes that bind permanently to enzyme

Question 6

Oxidationsmittel

Answer 6

oxidised substrate oxidant

Question 7

Reduktionsmittel

Answer 7

reduced substrate

Question 8

NADH dehydrogenase complex

Answer 8

1. Enzyme in electron transport chain Oxideses NADH to NAD+ and pumps H+ to Intermembrane space

Question 9

Ubiquinone

Answer 9

Elektron transporter which brings Electrons from NADH dehydrogenase complex to Cytochrome b-c1 complex

Question 10

Cytochrome b-c1 complex

Answer 10

2. Enzyme in electron transport chain accepts electrons from ubiquinone, pumps H+ to intermembrane space

Question 11

Cytrochome oxidase complex

Answer 11

3. Enzyme in electron transport chain accepts Electrons from Cytrochrome C Pumps H+ in intermembrane space, reduces Oxygen with H+ and e- to Water

Question 12

Cytochrome C

Answer 12

Elektrone transporter which transport Electrons from Cytochrome b-c1 complex to Cytochrome oxidase complex

Question 13

ATP Synthase

Answer 13

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjdPTY1wHdQ Enzyme which generates ATP from ADP and Pi Energy is taken from Proton electrochemical energy to be transferred to mechanical Energy which ist used for ATP generation

Question 14

ATP Hydrolysis

Answer 14

Function of ATP Synthase other way around –> using ATP to pump Protons from Matrix to intermembrane space

Question 15

Carnetine Acyltransferase 1 (2)

Answer 15

Transferes Acyl from AcylCoA on to Carnitine in Carnitine Shuttle (or other way around)

Question 16

ß-oxydation cycle

Answer 16

Transformation of Acyl-CoA to Acetyl-CoA by oxidation, hydration, oxidation, and decarboxylation (–> 2C with CoA forming Acetyl-CoA)

Question 17

Endocytosis

Answer 17

Import of things in celll (occur in vesicles)

Question 18

Exocytosis

Answer 18

Export out of cell (occur in vesicles)

Question 19

Gated transport

Answer 19

binding to membraneproteins, activating gates and pores –> Signal Sequence on protein binds to AA-chain, get recognized by receptors–> opens gate –> Signal sequence spited and gets recycled

Question 20

Transport across membranes

Answer 20

Signalsequence expressed in Translation by ribosomes in Cytoplasm gets recognized –< transference to Ribosomes bound to ER (ggf. post translational modification in ER)

Question 21

Constutive secretion

Answer 21

Vesicles transportes continously from Golgi to Plasmic-membrane

Question 22

Regulated secretion

Answer 22

Storage of Vesicles in Cytoplasm, controlled release

Question 23

Steps in Vesicular transport

Answer 23

1. Selection and Sorting of dispatched product (=Cargo), Vesicle formation –> coated in characteristic proteins (release of proteins after complete formation of vesicle)
2. Vesicle movement (along Microtubuli and Argin)
3. Vesicle Docking (receptors on membrane to other membrane)
4. Membrane fusion and release of content

Question 24

Cargo

Answer 24

Partiales transported by Vesicles

Question 25

Receptorradiated Endocytosis

Answer 25

Particles bind to receptor, receptor coated in proteins, formation fo coated vesicle, uncoating

Question 26

Phagocytosis

Answer 26

Membrane traffic of large particles

Question 27

Which co-factors are involved in oxidative decarboxylation?

Answer 27

1. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) 2. Lipoamide 3. FAD 4. CoA 5. NAD+

Question 28

Which enzymes are involved in oxidative decarboxylation?

Answer 28

Enzymes forming pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: 1. Lipoamide reductase-transacetylase 2. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 3. Pyruvate decarboxylase

Question 29

Beri-Beri syndrome

Answer 29

Deficiency in vitamin B1 which interferes with prosthetic group of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (TPP) --\> carbohydrate metabolism impaired Causes * damage to PNS * decreased muscle strength and CO

Question 30

Which enzymes and prosthetic group belong together in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

Answer 30

Question 31

Steps of oxidative decarboxylation

Answer 31

1. Decarboxylation of pyruvate by binding to TPP in E1 complex 2. Oxidation and transfer to lipoamide in E2 3. Transfer of Acetyl group (bound to E2) to CoA --\> formation of Acetyl CoA 4. Regeneration of oxidized lipoamide in E2 by oxidising FAD to FADH in E3 5. Regeneration of oxidised E3 by NAD forming NADH

Question 32

Lyzozyme (function, optinmal pH)

Answer 32

In tears: to kill bacteria Optimal pH at around 5: anything higher Glutamate and Aspartate would be hydrolysed and non-functional