Chronic Adaptations

Question 1

Aerobic training//Cardiovascular adaptions - heart (6)

Answer 1

• ventricle size increase
• Stroke volume increase
• cardiac output increase
• rest and sub-max heart rates decrease
• steady state heart rate decrease
• recovery heart rates decrease

Question 2

Aerobic training//Cardiovascular adaptions – blood (6)

Answer 2

• Blood volume T
• Haemoglobin T
• Plasma volumes T
• Myoglobin T
• RBC count T
• Blood Pressure t

Question 3

Aerobic training//Cardiovascular adaptions – blood vessels (3)

Answer 3

• capillary density to heart muscle T
• blood flow (20%) away from organs to working muscles T
• capillary density at muscles: SIT fibres. T

Question 4

Aerobic training//Cardiovascular adaptions – blood lactate (1)

Answer 4

Concentration decreases with aerobic training and clearance rate increases allowing lactate inflection point to increase

Question 5

Aerobic training//Respiratory adaptions (9)

Answer 5

T lung/ vital capacity
T ventilation
T aerobic capacity 
T O2 cost to ventilatory muscles (intercostal and diaphragm)
T tidal volume 
t Ventilatory efficiency
T alveolar- capillary SA
t ventilation
T pulmonary diffusion

Question 6

Aerobic training//muscular endurance (8)

Answer 6

T oxidative enzymes 
T Arteriovenous Oz difference
T myoglobin content 
T Triglyceride stores
T mitochondria size, number and SA 
T oxidation of fats
T capillary density 
T muscle glycogen stores & oxidization of glycogen.

Question 7

Anaerobic training//fast twitch fibre adaptions (5)

Answer 7

T ATP and PC stores -> T capacity of the ATP-Pc system.
T glycogen stores -> T utilisation of glycogen as a feal source
T glycotic enzymes -> T rate of ATP release from glycogen.
T ATPase -> T ATP breakdown and resynthesis
T tolerance of metabolic by-products -> T ability to continue working at high intensities.

Question 8

Anaerobic training//muscular adaptions//hypertrophy (3)

Answer 8

increased FIT fibre size (hypertrophy)

• T myo fibrils size & no.
• T contractile proteins
• T size and strength of tendons & ligaments

Question 9

Anaerobic training/muscular adaptions//neural adaptions from strength training(4)

Answer 9

T motor unit recruitment -> T force of contraction
T rate of motor-unit activation -> T rate of force development
T recruitment of fast-twitch fibres ->T rate of force development & T time for Max force to be maintained
T motor unit co-ordination -> T force + efficiency & effectiveness of force application.

Question 10

What is the definition of chronic adaption?

Answer 10

Chronic adaptions to training are the physiological changes that occur in response to the increased demands placed on the body through training

Question 11

Chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training summary

Answer 11

Improve efficiency of the aerobic energy system
Provide energy to working muscles and removes waste products
Improves the ability of the body to take up transport and use oxygen (essentially oxygen consumption)
Influence by aerobic fitness levels, training intensity, frequency and duration

Question 12

What are the primary functions of cardiovascular aerobic adaptions?

Answer 12

To increase oxygen delivery to the working muscles

Question 13

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 13

An increase in the heart mass and volume
Characterised by size of left ventricle cavity, and sometimes thickening of ventricle walls
Provides a greatest change in left ventricle capacity

Question 14

What is Bradycardia

Answer 14

A decreased heart rate
Easy and accurate measure of increase cardiovascular efficiency
Submaximal heart rates are lower, stroke volume is increased

Question 15

What attributes to an increase in stroke volume

Answer 15

Increase left ventricle volume and mass
Reduce cardiac and arterial stiffness
increased diastolic filling time
Increased cardiac contractility

Question 16

What is myocardium?

Answer 16

The muscle tissue of the heart

Myocardial oxygen consumption decreases with aerobic training through increased stroke volume and decrease heart rate

Question 17

What does low density lipoprotein to do?

Answer 17

They carry cholesterol to arterial was a deposit there as plaque (arteriosclerosis) damages arteries by narrowing blood vessels
Hinders blood flow through the vascular system

Question 18

What is the role of high density lipoprotein?

Answer 18

Remove plaque from artery walls and delivers it to the liver to be synthesised

Question 19

What are the advantages of increased plasma volumes

Answer 19

Remove heat quickly
Regulate body temperature
Improves performance
Reduces the impact of heat generated by energy metabolism

Question 20

What is the role of haemoglobin

Answer 20

Haemoglobin is important for the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the working muscles
Haemoglobin decreases slightly in concentration due to training

Question 21

What is LIP?

Answer 21

Lactate inflection point reflects the balance between lactate entry into and removal of the blood

Ext. blood lactate concentration decrease with Aerobic training, overall decrease in production enables the body to work at a higher exercise intensity before lip is reached.
Decrease rate of lactate production and increase rate of lactate removal enable the body to sustain high exercise intensity and strongly related to performance endurance events
Endurance athletes get better at clearing the lactate because of an increase in oxidation and Gluconeogenesis (able to work a high intensity is for longer before reaching around it)

Question 22

What is a – V02 difference

Answer 22

Arterial Venus oxygen difference is the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood in the muscles.
More effective blood distribution to working muscle
Measure of the amount of oxygen to the working muscles are using
Difference in oxygen concentration in the arterioles compare to the venules after passing through the muscle

Question 23

Aerobic training – respiratory adaptions

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 23

The amount of air in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration

Question 24

Aerobic training respiratory adaptions

What is a vital capacity?

Answer 24

The volume of air that can be forcefully expired after maximal inspiration

Question 25

What is the primary use of respiratory adaptions due to aerobic training?

Answer 25

respiratory adaptions enable the body to allow greater amounts of oxygen to be taken in and used

Question 26

What is the main functions of muscular changes due to aerobic training?

Answer 26

Muscular adaptions are characterised by changes that increased maximal oxygen consumption with little or no change in muscular strength or power
There is an increase in production of ATP and increase in activation frequency of murder units against a maximum load