Chronic Adaptations Flashcards
Aerobic training//Cardiovascular adaptions - heart (6)
- ventricle size increase
- Stroke volume increase
- cardiac output increase
- rest and sub-max heart rates decrease
- steady state heart rate decrease
- recovery heart rates decrease
Aerobic training//Cardiovascular adaptions – blood (6)
- Blood volume T
- Haemoglobin T
- Plasma volumes T
- Myoglobin T
- RBC count T
- Blood Pressure t
Aerobic training//Cardiovascular adaptions – blood vessels (3)
- capillary density to heart muscle T
- blood flow (20%) away from organs to working muscles T
- capillary density at muscles: SIT fibres. T
Aerobic training//Cardiovascular adaptions – blood lactate (1)
Concentration decreases with aerobic training and clearance rate increases allowing lactate inflection point to increase
Aerobic training//Respiratory adaptions (9)
T lung/ vital capacity T ventilation T aerobic capacity T O2 cost to ventilatory muscles (intercostal and diaphragm) T tidal volume t Ventilatory efficiency T alveolar- capillary SA t ventilation T pulmonary diffusion
Aerobic training//muscular endurance (8)
T oxidative enzymes T Arteriovenous Oz difference T myoglobin content T Triglyceride stores T mitochondria size, number and SA T oxidation of fats T capillary density T muscle glycogen stores & oxidization of glycogen.
Anaerobic training//fast twitch fibre adaptions (5)
T ATP and PC stores -> T capacity of the ATP-Pc system.
T glycogen stores -> T utilisation of glycogen as a feal source
T glycotic enzymes -> T rate of ATP release from glycogen.
T ATPase -> T ATP breakdown and resynthesis
T tolerance of metabolic by-products -> T ability to continue working at high intensities.
Anaerobic training//muscular adaptions//hypertrophy (3)
increased FIT fibre size (hypertrophy)
- T myo fibrils size & no.
- T contractile proteins
- T size and strength of tendons & ligaments
Anaerobic training/muscular adaptions//neural adaptions from strength training(4)
T motor unit recruitment -> T force of contraction
T rate of motor-unit activation -> T rate of force development
T recruitment of fast-twitch fibres ->T rate of force development & T time for Max force to be maintained
T motor unit co-ordination -> T force + efficiency & effectiveness of force application.
What is the definition of chronic adaption?
Chronic adaptions to training are the physiological changes that occur in response to the increased demands placed on the body through training
Chronic adaptations as a result of aerobic training summary
Improve efficiency of the aerobic energy system
Provide energy to working muscles and removes waste products
Improves the ability of the body to take up transport and use oxygen (essentially oxygen consumption)
Influence by aerobic fitness levels, training intensity, frequency and duration
What are the primary functions of cardiovascular aerobic adaptions?
To increase oxygen delivery to the working muscles
What is hypertrophy?
An increase in the heart mass and volume
Characterised by size of left ventricle cavity, and sometimes thickening of ventricle walls
Provides a greatest change in left ventricle capacity
What is Bradycardia
A decreased heart rate
Easy and accurate measure of increase cardiovascular efficiency
Submaximal heart rates are lower, stroke volume is increased
What attributes to an increase in stroke volume
Increase left ventricle volume and mass
Reduce cardiac and arterial stiffness
increased diastolic filling time
Increased cardiac contractility
What is myocardium?
The muscle tissue of the heart
Myocardial oxygen consumption decreases with aerobic training through increased stroke volume and decrease heart rate
What does low density lipoprotein to do?
They carry cholesterol to arterial was a deposit there as plaque (arteriosclerosis) damages arteries by narrowing blood vessels
Hinders blood flow through the vascular system
What is the role of high density lipoprotein?
Remove plaque from artery walls and delivers it to the liver to be synthesised
What are the advantages of increased plasma volumes
Remove heat quickly
Regulate body temperature
Improves performance
Reduces the impact of heat generated by energy metabolism
What is the role of haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is important for the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the working muscles
Haemoglobin decreases slightly in concentration due to training
What is LIP?
Lactate inflection point reflects the balance between lactate entry into and removal of the blood
Ext. blood lactate concentration decrease with Aerobic training, overall decrease in production enables the body to work at a higher exercise intensity before lip is reached.
Decrease rate of lactate production and increase rate of lactate removal enable the body to sustain high exercise intensity and strongly related to performance endurance events
Endurance athletes get better at clearing the lactate because of an increase in oxidation and Gluconeogenesis (able to work a high intensity is for longer before reaching around it)
What is a – V02 difference
Arterial Venus oxygen difference is the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood in the muscles.
More effective blood distribution to working muscle
Measure of the amount of oxygen to the working muscles are using
Difference in oxygen concentration in the arterioles compare to the venules after passing through the muscle
Aerobic training – respiratory adaptions
What is total lung capacity?
The amount of air in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration
Aerobic training respiratory adaptions
What is a vital capacity?
The volume of air that can be forcefully expired after maximal inspiration
