chronic conditions 1.1

Question 1

what is scoliosis?

Answer 1

a lateral deformity or bending of the spine

Question 2

structural vs non structural scoliosis?

Answer 2

structural ; congenital and progressive without treatment. persistent with posturral changes

non structural; resolves with posture changes and non progressive

Question 3

what are factors for scholiosis?

Answer 3

• congenital or idiopathic
• inflammation
• nerve irritation
• postural compensation

Question 4

what are the functional impacts of scoliosis?

Answer 4

• scoliosis can compress vital organs such as the heart and lungs and cause a decreased range of motion which impacts activities of daily living

Question 5

what are treatments for scoliosis?

Answer 5

• braces
• PT
• and surgery

Question 6

what is kyphosis?

Answer 6

exaggerated curvature of the upper spine (cervicle/thoracic region)

Question 7

the posture kyphosis causes is called…

Answer 7

Quasimodo posture

Question 8

what are the causes for kyphosis?

Answer 8

-osteopenia/osteoporosis
- compression of vertbral trabeculae
- poor posture
- trauma/ improper healing from fractures

Question 9

what is osteochondrosis

Answer 9

a disease of growth ossification that affects the epiphyseal plates

Question 10

what are the causes of osteochondritis?

Answer 10

• idiopathic
• genetic
• traumatic

Question 11

which population is osteochondritis common in?

Answer 11

pre-teenn and teen males or during growth spurts in athletic individuals

Question 12

how does osteochondritis happen?

Answer 12

it happens due to partial seperation of the epipysis and tibial tuberosity due to strain

Question 13

what is the clinical presentation of osteochondritis?

Answer 13

• pain and inflamation at the tibial tuberositiy
• redness
• swelling
• deformity

Question 14

what is the management for osteochondritis?

Answer 14

• rest
• anti inflammatory meds
• physio therapy

Question 15

what is osteomyelitis?

Answer 15

infection of the medullary cavity in the bone marrow space

Question 16

why does osteomyelitis occur more frequently in children?

Answer 16

due to their developing skeletal systems

Question 17

how does osteomyelitis occur?

Answer 17

• infection from another region that travels through blood vessels supplying the bone
• can occur during injury or surgery

Question 18

what are common infections that can cause osteomyelitis?

Answer 18

• dental
• ear
• sinus
• skin
  infections

Question 19

what is the clinical presontation for osteomyelitis?

Answer 19

localized pain, swelling, and tenderness over effected bone
- signs of infection
- pus production and visible inflamation

Question 20

management of ostemyleitis

Answer 20

• antibiotics
• surgery

Question 21

What are aseptic/ non infectious causes osteomyelitis?

Answer 21

Ischemic necrosis due to trauma and sickle cell disorders

Question 22

Complications of osteomyelitis

Answer 22

• bone weakening
• osteoarthritis
• increased susceptibility of fractures

Question 23

What is ischemic bone necrosis?

Answer 23

Loss of blood supply to bone which leads to cell death in the bone marrow

Question 24

What are the causes for ischemic bone necrosis?

Answer 24

• trauma
• sickle cell disease

Question 25

Osteopenia vs osteoporosis?

Answer 25

Osteopenia ; early stage of bone density loss but not severe Osteoporosis ; significant loss of bone density and strength

Question 26

What are osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

Answer 26

Osteoclasts are responsible for reabsorption and osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation

Question 27

In the condition of osteopenia and osteoporosis osteoclast activity out-spaces osteoblasts which leads to…

Answer 27

The loss of trabecular bone (spongy bone)

Question 28

What are modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis/osteopenia

Answer 28

- nutrition - sedentary lifestyle - smoking and drinking

Question 29

What are non modifiable risk factors for osteopenia/osteoporosis

Answer 29

- aging - female post menopausal - genetic predisposition

Question 30

Why are post menopausal women at higher risk for bone health conditions?

Answer 30

Due to decreased estrogen levels which is a hormone that is bone preserving

Question 31

What type of medications can contribute to bone health conditions?

Answer 31

- corticosteroids - anticonvulsants - thyroid hormones

Question 32

What is the cause of osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children?

Answer 32

- deficient mineralization of bones due to low vitamin D

Question 33

What is the clinical presentation of Osteomalacia and rickets?

Answer 33

- soft weak bones - diffuse bone pain in hips - bowing of long bones - potential fractures - numbness in mouth - muscle spasms - pigeon breast deformities

Question 34

What is renal rickets?

Answer 34

Rickets specific to renal dysfunction which include calcium malabsorption, high calcium excretion, and reduced activation of vitamin d

Question 35

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 35

An abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brains ventricles which leads to increased head circumference in children with un loses sutures or fontenelles

Question 36

Non communicating hydrocephalus (obstructive)

Answer 36

There is normal CSF production however there is a blockage in the CSF flow path causing the accumulation in the brain

Question 37

Communicating hydrocephalus (non-obstructive)

Answer 37

There is a decrease in CSF reabsorption causing the accumulation in the brain

Question 38

What are the causes of communicating hydrocephalus?

Answer 38

- inflammation - tumours - and sub arachnoid hemorrhage

Question 39

What are long term complications of hydrocephalus?

Answer 39

- developmental delays - seizures - brain damage

Question 40

What is Rachitic rosary?

Answer 40

Improper bone mineralization of bones leading to abnormal bread like bone formation and the costochondrial junctions

Question 41

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 41

A degenerative joint disease which includes articulation cartilage breakdown and formation of bone spurs/calcifications

Question 42

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 42

This is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own joint tissues (synovial membranes). This is an over activation of the immune system which causes chronic inflammation

Question 43

With rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system targets synovial membranes causing inflammation, this leads to…

Answer 43

Pannus formation (abnormal tissue growth in joints)