GI patho

Question 1

if the appendix rupptures it can leak into the abdominal cavity causing what complications?

Answer 1

• peritonitis
• sepsis
• perforation

Question 2

apendicitis effects healthy individuals ranging from….

Answer 2

10-19 yoa

Question 3

what is the key cause for appencitis?

Answer 3

the obstruction of the appencieal lumen

Question 4

obstruction of the appendical lumen leads to…

Answer 4

bacterial invasion of the appendix wall which causes the distension and inflammation

Question 5

why does the inflammation of the appendix lead to ischemia and necrosis?

Answer 5

because the lymphatic/venous drainage is blocked

Question 6

what are the initial symptoms of appendicitis?

Answer 6

nausea, vommiting, and periumbilical pain

Question 7

where would the pain migrate to as a symptom as appendicitis?

Answer 7

to the RLQ

Question 8

appendicitis can present with blumberg sign. what is blumberg sign?

Answer 8

this is rebound tenderness, when pressure is applies the pain releves

Question 9

why does the pain with a pt suffering from apendicitis radiate to the RLQ?

Answer 9

because of the distention of the appendix which irritates the serosa

Question 10

what is mcburneys point?

Answer 10

it is the site of pain in a pt suffering from appendicitis

Question 11

where is mcburneys point

Answer 11

halfway between the umbilicus and anterior iliac spine

Question 12

why does a low fiber diet contribute to contracting appendicitis?

Answer 12

fibers bulk up stool so low fiber would allow small particles to get stuck in the appendix/diverticula

Question 13

why does high sugar contribute to contracting apendicitis?

Answer 13

high sugar distrupts gut microbiota and promotes growth of bad bacteria

Question 14

what is cullens sign and what does it indicate?

Answer 14

this is bruising around the umbilicus and it indicates intra-abdominal hemmorhage

Question 15

what is grey turner sign and what does it indicate?

Answer 15

this is bruising on the flanks (side of abdomen) and it indiaces retroperitoneum hemmorhage

Question 16

what is an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 16

a fertilized zygote implants somwhere other than the uterus and presents with sharp abdo pain

Question 17

what is a hernia?

Answer 17

a hernia is when internal tissues push through weak spots in the adbdominal wall

Question 18

inguinal hernia vs. epigastric hernia

Answer 18

inguinal occurs in the lower abdominal area and epigastric occurs in the upper abdominal are

Question 19

osmotic diarrhea

Answer 19

caused by presence of non absorbable solutes in the intestines which draws water into the colon. these solutes can not be absorbed by the body atracting sodium and water into the GI tract

Question 20

secretory diarhea

Answer 20

the body secretes electrolytes and water in the colon to flush out harmful substances like bacteria

Question 21

exudative diarhea

Answer 21

the body responds to inflamation by producing exudate which draws water into the colon

Question 22

motility related diarhea

Answer 22

the intestines move to quiqly reducing water absorption time, seen in IBS

Question 23

what is GERD

Answer 23

gastro-esophogeal reflux disease : occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus due to a weakened/loosenedlower esophageal sphincter

Question 24

what are complications of GERD

Answer 24

esophogitis or barretts syndrome where the cells lining the esophagus changes increasing the risk for cancer

Question 25

what are symptoms of GERD

Answer 25

- heart burn - dysphagia - weight loss due to pain from eating

Question 26

what are signs of GERD for a baby?

Answer 26

- arching back - spit up/ crying - nursing frequently

Question 27

what is billary atresia?

Answer 27

the absence or obstruction of the bile duct within or outside the liver

Question 28

what are symptomes of billary atresia

Answer 28

jaundice, clay coloured/pale poop, dark urine, hepatomegaly, obdominal distension

Question 29

what is pyloric stenosis (what do you think the symptoms would be for this individual)

Answer 29

its a restricted movement of food into the small intestines

Question 30

what is acute gastritis?

Answer 30

inflamation of the stomach lining

Question 31

what could cause acute gastritis

Answer 31

- alcohol, nsaid, and tabacoos use. aswell as bacterial infections such as h-pylori

Question 32

what are symptoms of gastritis?

Answer 32

- annorexia, nausea, postmeal discomfort, vommiting, diarrhea, and hematemisis

Question 33

what is gastroenteritis?

Answer 33

inflamation of the stomach and intestines

Question 34

what is gut flora imbalance

Answer 34

when a person travels to another country with different food and water bacteria, it could cause stomach issues

Question 35

how are ulcers formed?

Answer 35

this happens due to an increase in hydrocloric acid and the enzyme pepsin. they are usefull when breaking down protein but too much can break down stomach tissue

Question 36

how does H-pylori contribute to ulcer formation?

Answer 36

they increase acid production and decrease bi carb production

Question 37

how does glucocorticoids contribute to ulcer formation

Answer 37

they also promote acid production when released during stress

Question 38

what is diverticulum?

Answer 38

they are outpouchings that foim in the intestinal wall at areas of weakened musculature

Question 39

what is a complication from diverticulum

Answer 39

diverticulitis due to fecal matter getting stuck in the diverticulum

Question 40

what are signs of diverticulum/diverticulitis?

Answer 40

constipation, mild bright red bleeding, and lower left quadrent pain

Question 41

why does pain occur in the lower left quadrent for patients with diveticulum

Answer 41

because this is where the sigmoid colon is located and that is the area where most diverticula form

Question 42

what is ileus?

Answer 42

the bowel looses its perstalsis/propulsive abillities and the contents in the intestines become stagnent

Question 43

what can cause ileus?

Answer 43

- nerve damage - hypokalemia - peritonitis - trauma - narcotics - uterus distension during pregnancy

Question 44

obstuction in the small intestine vs the large intestine produces different symptoms. what are they?

Answer 44

small intestines : vommiting, diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalances large intestines: constipation and gas

Question 45

what is intussusception?

Answer 45

the intestines slide into itself like a telescope due to peristalsis and viral infections causing an obstuction

Question 46

what is the triad for intussusception?

Answer 46

1) colicky abdo pain 2) vomiting 3) red jelly bloody stool

Question 47

what is dances sign?

Answer 47

a palpable mass in RUQ and emptyness in RLQ

Question 48

what is celiac disease?

Answer 48

an autoimmune disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten which causes a malabsorption of nutrients like B vitamins, iron, and carbs

Question 49

what are symptoms of celiac disease?

Answer 49

diarhea, dehydration, weight loss, annorexia, and a migrain headache as an early symptom

Question 50

what are galstones made of

Answer 50

cholestrol, calcium, and billirubin

Question 51

dyspepsia is a symptom galstones, what does this mean?

Answer 51

upper abdominal paine usually occuring after eating

Question 52

what signs would you see if there are complications with gallbladder disorders?

Answer 52

cullens sign or grey turners sign

Question 53

risk factors for gallbladder disorders and pancreatitis are identified with the 6 F's. what are they?

Answer 53

fat, fair, 40, fertile, female, flatulent

Question 54

what are complications with liver dysfunction?

Answer 54

- muscle wasting due to impaired metabolism and excessive bleeding due to livers rol for producing clotting factors

Question 55

liver dysfunction leads to decreased albumin production. what will this cause?

Answer 55

because albumin is important with regards to fluid pressures and cappilary permiabilaty, a decreased production of albumin will contribute to fluid imbalances and lead to edema

Question 56

what is portal hypertension?

Answer 56

increased resistence of blood flow through the liver due to scar tissue, fibrosis, or degeneration

Question 57

portal HTN leads to blood to back up in the GI tract. this can lead to what complications?

Answer 57

- prominent veins in the abdomen - rectal hemmroids - esophogeal varicies

Question 58

what are esophageal varices

Answer 58

dialated veins in the esophagus with the potential to rupture

Question 59

what can cause portal HTN

Answer 59

- cirosis - hepatitis - alpha 1 antitrypsine defisency