Chronic kidney disease Flashcards
Gross appearance of kidney in CKD
Symmetric, granular, contracted kidneys with thinned cortex
Microscopic features of chronic kidney disease
Obliteration of glomeruli
Marked tubular atrophy
Arterial and arteriolar sclerosis
Irregular interstitial fibrosis
Chronic inflammatory cells present
Symptoms of uremia
Fatigue
Confusion
Lethargy
Asterixis
Peripheral neuropathy
Seizures
Coma
Pruritus
Anorexia
N/V
Signs of uremia
Pericardial rub
Ecchymoses
Pulmonary edema
HTN
Cardiac arrhythmias
Seizures
Secondary hyperparathyroidism with nephrocalcinosis
Peripheral edema
Ascites
Malnutrition
Laboratory findings in uremia
Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Anemia
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Serum values of calcium, phosphorous, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase in osteomalacia/Rickets
Calcium and phosphorous decreased
PTH and alkaline phosphatase increased
Serum values of calcium, phosphorous, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase in osteoporosis
All normal
Serum values of calcium, phosphorous, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase in Paget’s disease
Alkaline phosphatase increased, rest normal
Serum values of calcium, phosphorous, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase in primary hyperparathyroidism
Phosphorous decreased
Calcium, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase increased
Serum values of calcium, phosphorous, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase in secondary hyperparathyroidism 2/2 CKD
Calcium decreased
Phosphorous, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase increased
Complications of long-term dialysis
Arterial intimal thickening
Focal calcification within tubules
Extensive deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in tubules and interstitium
Cystic changes
Increased incidence of renal adenomas and adenocarcinomas
Uremic complications
Pericarditis
Encephalopathy
Gastroenteritis
Uremic induced platelet dysfunction
Pneumonitis –> diffuse alveolar damage
