Diseases of lower urinary tract

Question 1

Congenital anomaly caused by developmental failure in the anterior wall of the abdomen and bladder resulting in the bladder either communicating directly with the surface of the body or lies in an opened sac

Answer 1

Exstrophy of bladder

Question 2

Reason for predisposition of infections in exstrophy of bladder

Answer 2

Exposed bladder mucosa may undergo colonic glandular metaplasia

Question 3

What cancer is associated with exstrophy bladder if there is no correction?

Answer 3

Adenocarcinoma

Question 4

Canal that connects fetal bladder with the allantois

Answer 4

Urachus

Question 5

Urachal cysts predisposes to what

Answer 5

Adenocarcinoma of bladder

Question 6

Hyperemia of the mucosa of the bladder, sometimes with exudate

Answer 6

Cystitis

Question 7

What bladder condition is associated with cyclophosphamide?

Answer 7

Hemorrhagic cystitis

Question 8

What bladder condition is associated with adenovirus infection?

Answer 8

Hemorrhagic cystitis

Question 9

Peculiar pattern of vesical inflammatory reaction, commonly associated with E coli, and occasionally proteus. Result of defects in phagocytic or degradative function of macrophages.

Answer 9

Malakoplakia

Question 10

Soft, yellow, slightly raised mucosal plaques within the bladder. Microscopy shows macrophages filled with laminated mineralized concretions, called Michaelis-Gutman bodies, mixed with occasional multinucleated giant cells

Answer 10

Malakoplakia

Question 11

Bladder neoplasm associated with multifocality and recurrence

Answer 11

Transitional cell caricnoma

Question 12

Risk factors for development of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Answer 12

Cigarette smoking
Industrial dye exposure
Cyclophosphamide
Bladder irradiation
Long term use of analgesics

Question 13

What exposure is bladder SCC associated with?

Answer 13

Schistosoma infection

Question 14

Genetic mutation associated with low-grade papillary non-invasive carcinoma of the bladder

Answer 14

Gain of function of FGFR-3

Question 15

Genetic mutations associated with invasive high grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Answer 15

Loss of function in p53 and RB tumor suppressor genes

Question 16

Possible gross appearance of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Answer 16

Papillary, red, elevated excrescences
Nodular

Question 17

Small, delicate structure attached to bladder mucosa by a stalk that is benign

Answer 17

Benign or exophytic papilloma

Question 18

Small, inter-anastomosing cords of cytologically bland looking epithelium with the bladder that gets driven into the lamina propria

Answer 18

Inverted papilloma

Question 19

Biopsy of the bladder lesion shows cells that may be discohesive with large hypochromatic nuclei showing frank anaplasia. Mitotic figures are present, including atypical ones.

Answer 19

High-grade urothelial cancers

Question 20

Common causes of stress incontinence

Answer 20

Sphincteric dysfunction
Urethral hypermobility
Radical prostatectomy

Question 21

Type of urine incontinence associated with increased abdominal pressure

Answer 21

Stress

Question 22

Common causes of urge incontinence

Answer 22

Detrusor overactivity
Neurologic disorders
Spinal cord injury

Question 23

Symptoms of urge incontinence

Answer 23

Urgency, frequency, nocturia, and urine leakage before reaching the toilet

Question 24

Common causes of overflow incontinence

Answer 24

Detrusor failure
Neurologic disorders
Spinal cord injury
Diabetes

Question 25

Type of urine incontinence associated with frequent small-volume leaks often not associated with activity

Answer 25

Overflow

Question 26

Common causes of functional incontinence

Answer 26

Mobility impairment
Cognitive impairment

Question 27

Types of urine incontinence with variable leakage symptoms

Answer 27

Functional
Mixed

Question 28

Type of urine incontinence with variable causes

Answer 28

Mixed