circulation Flashcards
1
Q
Why do multicellular organisms rely on a circulatory system
A
The circulatory system brings nutrients to and takes waist away from the cells circulation is important in higher organisms and if the heart stops beating for a few minutes death will occur
2
Q
What does the circulatory system consist of
A
The heart and blood vessels
3
Q
What is the heart
A
The heart is a four chambers Oregon that is made up of mostly cardiac muscle
4
Q
What is cardiac muscle
A
strong Muscles that can contract and relax that pump blood to have blood vessels
5
Q
What are blood vessels used for
A
for transporting blood from the heart to the tissues and then back to the heart
6
Q
What do arteries do
A
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
7
Q
What do veins do
A
Carry blood towards the heart
8
Q
What are capillaries
A
They connect the arterioles to the venules and exchange material with the tissue
9
Q
most arteries contain ________blood
A
oxygenated
10
Q
Most veins carry___________blood
A
Deoxygenated
11
Q
what are the two exceptions with oxygenated blood at deoxygenated blood
A
Pulmonary arteries an umbilical vein’s carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart and
pulmonary veins and umbilical vein’s carry oxygenated blood towards the heart
12
Q
How many kilometres of blood vessels do we have
A
about 100,000km
13
Q
What are the 3 thick wall layers in arteries called
A
inner layer
middle layer
outer layer
14
Q
What are the three layers composed of in the arteries
A
Smooth muscle which has elastic fibres and supporting tissue
15
Q
Middle layer of the arteries
A
muscle gives the arteries strength and allows them to construct and dilate the elastic fibres allow them to stretch and contract
16
Q
Thickness of arteries
A
arteries are so thick that they require their own capillaries to provide oxygen and nutrients to them arteries branch into arterioles which are smaller branches of arteries
17
Q
What are the three types of blood vessels
A
Arteries veins and capillaries
18
Q
Veins carry blood _____ the heart
A
towards
19
Q
venules drain blood from the _________ and then join to form a vien
A
capillaries
20
Q
veins have no thick middle layer of _________ and ______ _______ and have no _____ ______
A
elastin
smooth muscle
blood pressure
21
Q
What do veins have which allowed blood to flow towards the heart when they are open and prevent backflow of blood when they are closed
A
valves
22
Q
What muscles contract along the valves to help return the blood back to the heart
A
skeletal muscles
23
Q
capillaries branch from the what?
A
arterioles
24
Q
What are capillaries used for
A
They are network of very narrow Vessels that are used for the exchange of nutrients(oxygen and glucose) and ways such as carbon dioxide
25
Capillaries are only _____ cell thick
one
26
Papillary is being one cell layer thick allows for?
optimal diffusion and transport across the walls
27
capillaries have _____ muscles
sphincter or ring
28
What are the major arteries
```
The aorta
carotid artery
pulmonary artery
subclavian artery
renal artery
iliac artery
coronary arteries
mesentery arteries
```
29
What are the major veins
```
Superior and inferior vena cava jugular vein
pulmonary veins
subclavian vein
renal vein
iliac vein
coronary vein
Hepatic portal vein
```
30
What circulation system consist of the blood flow to and from the lungs only
pulmonary
31
Circulation that consists of the blood flow to and from the body only
systemic
32
Where is the blood going to and from the aorta
To the heart and branches into all major arteries
33
Carotid artery
heart to head
34
Pulmonary artery
heart to lungs
35
subclavian artery
heart to arms
36
Renal artery
Heart to kidneys
37
Iliac artery
Splits from the heart to the legs
38
Coronary arteries
From the heart to the heart muscle
39
Mesentery artery
From the heart to the small intestines
40
Superior and inferior vena cava
From the bodies major veins to the heart
41
jugular vein
head to heart
42
Pulmonary vein
lungs to heart
43
Subclavian vein
arms to heart
44
Renal vein
Kidneys to the heart
45
Iliac vein
From the legs to the heart
46
Coronary veins
From heart muscle to the heart
47
Hepatic portal vein
the small intestine to the liver
48
The heart is a very muscular organ about the size of a ___\\
fist
49
The _________ is the major portion of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle
Myocardium
50
What is the membrane covering the heart
Pericardium or a pericardial sac
51
double pump
the heart acts as two separate pumps the right side pumps blood to the ________ And the left side pumps blood to the ________
lungs
rest of the body
52
What is the thick wall that separates the two sides of the heart called
The septum
53
Steps of the cardiac cycle
1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava
2. Right atrium contracts forcing blood through the right atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle
3. Right ventricle contracts sending blood through the pulmonary semi lunar valve into the pulmonary trunk which divides into the pulmonary arteries to the left and right lungs
4. Pulmonary arteries take detox in a jaded blood to the lungs capillaries where carbon dioxide diffuses out and oxygen diffused in the blood is now oxygenated
5. oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary veins which take the blood from the lungs to the left atrium
6. left atrium contracts forcing through the left atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle
7. Left ventricle contract sending blood through the aortic semi lunar valve into the Aorta which branches into other major arteries taking action and jaedyn bloody to the whole body
54
What are the two phases of a heartbeat
Atrial contractions and ventricle contractions
55
First phase of the heartbeat
The Atria are contracting and the ventricles are relaxing
56
Second phase of the heartbeat
Ventricles are contracting and the atria is relaxing
57
Sound of the heartbeat
The heartbeat makes the sound lub dub
and that corresponds with the sounds of the valves
lub is the closing of the AV valves
and the dub is the closing of the semi lunar valve’s
we use the term systole and diastole to describe the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle
58
How many times does your heartbeat per minute
70 times per minute and about 100,000 times a day
59
What controls the heartbeat
The heartbeat is said to be intrinsic
The heart sells beat without nerves telling them what to do
Heart has special tissue called the noodle tissue which has both muscular and nervous tissue properties
60
What are the two nodal regions of the heart
The SA node which is found in the upper back wall of the right atrium it is called the pacemaker because it keeps the heartbeat regular
The AV node is located at the base of the right atrium it receives the signal from the SA node and then sends a signal along to the special conducting fibres called the AV bundle located in the septum and then to the Purkinje fibres
PURKINJE fibres send electrical signals down to the ventricles causing them to contract contraction begins at the base of the heart and moves up like a wave
61
Regulation of the heartbeat
The heart can keep a steady be on its own but the rate of the heartbeat is under the nervous system’s control
The brain has a heart rate centre medulla oblongada
which can speed up or slow down the heart rate
factors just such as stress oxygen levels and blood pressure can affect the heart rate
62
What is blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure of the heart against the wall of a vessel
63
What is the pulse
A pulse is the expanding and recoiling of an arterial wall that can be felt in any major artery that runs near the surface of the body
such as the carotid artery and the radial artery
64
What is systolic blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure is the highest arterial pressure reach during ejection of blood from the heart which is the ventricles contracting
65
What is diastolic blood pressure
The lowest arterial pressure it occurs when the ventricles are relaxing
66
What is used to measure blood pressure
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
67
Why could blood pressure increase
Blood pressure can increase when doing physical activity due to the need of oxygen to the muscles
68
Why is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide so efficient
It has to do with the blood pressure found in the blood vessels and the osmotic pressure found in the surrounding tissue
69
What is osmotic pressure
It’s created by the presence of salts in the plasma proteins found in blood since there is a higher concentration
of these substances in the blood and so I make sashes then water will move into the blood from the dishes
70
Circulatory diseases and disorders
```
hypotension
hypertension
atherosclerosis
stroke
heart attack
thrombus
embolus
varicose veins
hemorrhoids
phlebitis
```
71
What is hypotension
Low blood pressure
72
Hypertension
High blood pressure
73
atherosclerosis
Obstructed arteries caused by cholesterol plaque deposits
74
Stroke
When a portion of the carotid dies due to lack of oxygen
75
heart attack
When the portion of a heart dies due to lack of oxygen blocked by a coronary artery
76
Thrombus
Stationary clot attached to an arterial wall
77
Embolus
Thrombus that is dislodged and moves with the blood and eventually get stuck and blocks flow of blood in a small vessel
78
Varicose veins
Abnormal or a regular dilations in superficial veins especially in lower legs due to the weakened valves
79
Haemorrhoids
varicose in the rectum
80
phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
81
Five fetal modifications
oval opening
arterial duct
umbilical arteries
and umbilical veins
Venous ducts
82
Where does a fetus get it’s oxygen and nutrients
From its mother through the umbilical vein
83
the ______ receives blood returning from the lungs
left atrium
84
one of the layers found in arteries which allow them to constrict and dialate to modify blood pressure
smooth muscle
85
larger blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart
viens
86
the main part of the heart
myocardium
87
the chamber of the heart which receives blood from the rest of the body
right atrium
88
smaller vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arterioles
89
large vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
90
the sound made by the heart valves during atrial contractions
LUB
91
oxygenated blood is found on the ______ side of the heart
LEFT
92
contractions in these muscles help to push blood through the veins and back to the heart
skeletal
93
the ___ nodeReceives a signal from the SA node and initiates ventricular contraction
AV
94
The heart is able to be without the control of the brain there for the heartbeat is said to be _______
INTRINSIC
95
Relaxation of the heart muscle lowest arterial blood pressure
DIASTOLE
96
The largest artery in the body
AORTA
97
A membranewhich surround the heart
The pericardium
98
Smaller blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart
venules
99
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the____\
lungs
100
__________ Circulation occurs on the right side of the heart
pulmonary
101
the hepatic _______ Vein takes blood from the small intestines to the liver
portal
102
the ______ Vena cava returns blood from the parts of the body that are below the heart
inferior
103
The percentage of blood in the arteries at any one time
20%
104
Most muscular of the heart chambers
Left ventricular
105
the _____ arteries and veins take blood to and from the kidneys
RENAL
106
The right _________ valve separates the right atrium and ventricle
Atrioventricular
107
________ Circulation occurs on the left side of the heart
systemic
108
These veins return blood from the head
jugular
109
the pulmonary __________ Valve prevents the backflow of the blood as the right ventricle contracts to pump blood to the lungs
semi lunar
110
_________Pressure is created by the presence of salts and plasma proteins found in the blood
osmotic
111
the _________ artery takes blood from the heart to the small intestine
mesentary
112
the __ node of knows as the pace maker as it initiates the heart beat
SA
113
The expansion of the blood pressure during systole
pulse
114
The substance tend to move into the cells on the______ side of the capillaries
arterial
115
The number of layers of tissues in arteries
3
116
A device used for measuring blood pressure
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
117
___________ is lowest in the venules and veins
blood pressure
118
The type of muscle found in the heart
cardiac muscle
119
the ________ arteries carry blood to the head
carotid
120
Substances tend to move out of the cells into the blood on the ________side of the capillaries
VEANUS
121
Structures in veins which prevent backflow of blood
valves
122
Tiny blood vessels which deliver nutrients to individual cells
Capillaries
123
the _________ vena cava
| Returns blood from the parts of the body that are above the heart
superior
124
the wall which divides the two sides of the heart
septum
125
these arteries and veins take blood to and from the arms
subclavian
126
Another name for the left atrioventricular valve
BICUSPID
127
the _______ arteries take blood to the heart
coronary
128
_____ _____ Is affected by stress
oxygen levels
exercise
and blood pressure
heart rate
129
Total cross-section area of the blood vessels is the highest in the______ beds
capillary
130
the ______ fibers carry the electrical signal down to the ventricles to initiate contraction
PURKINJE
131
the aorta divides into the _____ arteries in the pelvic region
ILIAC
132
These muscles can contract to stop the blood flow to capillary beds in certain areas of the body
SPHINCTER
133
Capillaries are only ___ cell layer thick in order to allow the most efficient transport of materials across the walls
ONE
134
the aortic ____ is where the blood first leaves the left ventricle
ARCH
135
One of the layers found in the arteries which allows them to “stretch” during a pulse
ELASTIN
