Protien Synthesis Flashcards
1
Q
_______ For diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA process
A
insulin
2
Q
The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosome
A
termination
3
Q
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene
A
Deletion
4
Q
______Bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule
A
hydrogen
5
Q
unlike DNA, RNA is ______ stranded
A
single
6
Q
The process of creating an MRNA strand from a DNA molecule
A
Transcription
7
Q
The shape of the DNA molecule
A
double helix
8
Q
something that can get DNA from one species into the sale of another species
A
vector
9
Q
any factor which causes a mutation is called a??
A
mutagen
10
Q
A gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide??
A
substitution
11
Q
DNA and RNA are both types of
A
nucleic acids
12
Q
this type of RNA is used in the ribosome during proteins synthesis
A
rRNA
13
Q
The process of DNA making copies of itself
A
replication
14
Q
The first phase of translation with the mRNA in the first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunits is called
A
initiation
15
Q
DNA is found in the _______ of Eucaryotic cells
A
nucleus
16
Q
many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time this unit is called
A
polysome
17
Q
The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription
A
RNA polymerase
18
Q
A nitrogenous base with a double ring structure
A
purine
19
Q
proteins that associate with DNA form chromosomes
A
histones
20
Q
The enzyme the unzips the DNA strand during replication
A
helicase
21
Q
A DNA subunit made of three components
A
nucleotide
22
Q
The three letter sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon
A
anti codon
23
Q
this type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome‘s
A
tRNA
24
Q
chromosomal _______ Occur when entire portions of chromosomes are removed
A
deletion
25
A change to the base pairs sequence of DNA molecules
mutations
26
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of the chromosome is flipped
inversion
27
proteins are made up of chains of __________ string together
amino acids
28
this type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes
mRNA
29
DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a ???
polymer
30
replication of the DNA molecule is considered to be a_________________ process because each daughter strand contains half all DNA in half new DNA
Semi conservative
31
The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called???
translation
32
UV lights in x-rays are examples of______ mutagens
radiation
33
a _____ mutation only affects one gene
gene
34
HPV is an example of a???
viral mutagen
35
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene
addition
36
A chromosome a mutation were a piece of one chromosome is transferred into another chromosome
translocation
37
RNA contains one nitrogenous base that is not found in DNA called??
urasil
38
A nitrogenous base with a single ring structure
pyrimidines
39
completed proteins are sent to the____________ _________ for a final processing and packaging
Golgi apparatus
40
benzene and Dioxins are examples of what mutagens
chemical
41
A chromosome or mutation where a portion of the chromosome repeats itself
duplications
42
a mutagen that causes cancer is called a ???
carcinogen
43
________ mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development
germinal
44
______ Bonds form between a adjoining amino acids
peptide
45
The number of purine bases will always equal the number of pyrimidine bases according to ______\’s rule
chargoffs
46
_____ base pairing means that only able pair with T and only G will pair with C
Complementary
47
The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when to stop codon signals for a _____ _______ to enter the ribosome
release factor
48
A small circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species
plasmid
49
a ________ mutation affects many genes because a large portions of chromosomes are altered
chromosomal
50
addition and deletion mutations can cause devastating effects because they can cause a _____ _____ we’re all codons downstream of the mutation are altered
frame shift
51
The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication
DNA polymerase
52
The second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called
élongation
53
strong _____ bonds form between the sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of the molecule
covalent
54
The three little sequence on mRNA the codes for an amino acid
codon
55
______ mutations Occur and sells after birth
somatic
56
during transcription, the ____ strand of the DNA molecule is used to code for the mRNA molecule
sense
57
DNA
double helix
controls cellular activity
codes for genetic information
58
pyramidine
single ring
thymine
cytosine
urasil
59
purine
double ring structure
adenine
guanine
60
replication
DNA duplicating itself
| new and old strand (semi conservative)
61
mRNA
-made by copying sections of a DNA template strand(a gene) by a process called transcription
62
tRNA
recognizes a very specific amino acid by using its anti codon
it carries the amino acid for the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis
63
transcription
1. hydrogen bonds break in a specific section so the DNA unzips to expose a set of bases
2. along one strand of DNA called the scent strand complementary RNA bases are brought in in RNA your cell binds to the adenine on the DNA as in DNA cytosine binds to guanine the other strand of the DNA molecule the nonsense strand isn’t read by mRNA in eucaryotic cells
3. adjacent RNA nucleotides form covalent bonds between sugar phosphate
4. The RNA strand is released from the DNA
5. The DNA molecule rewinds reforms H bonds and returns to its normal double helix form
6. RNA can then leave the nucleus and go into the cytoplasm the enzyme involved in transcription is known as RNA polymerase
7. this process occurs in the nucleus and the nucleolus
64
translation
translating the codons on mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form a primary polypeptide structure
1. initiation
a. The small RNA subunit first attaches to the start code on a UG on the mRNA
b. A tRNA with an anti-codon complementary base pairs with the codon
c. The large RNA subunit then joints with the small subunit
2. elogation
more amino acids are added and connected together to form a polypeptide and the chain elongates
3.Termination
The process
repeats until a special code on call to stop codon is reached stop codons code for it’s up a protein called release factor finds directly to stop the codon
The new proteins is sent for final processing and packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
65
codon
A three letter unit of mRNA which codes for one amino acid there is 64 codons in total of which 61 codes for specific amino acids
66
anti codon
base sequence that is complementary to the coat on found in tRNA
67
gene
A gene is made up of DNA genes an act as instructions to make molecules called proteins
68
DNA polymerase
The enzyme the ads new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication
69
RNA polymerase
The enzyme the ads nucleotides to the growing stranding transcription
70
helicase
The ends on the unzips a DNA strand during replication
71
DNA ligase
An enzyme that connects to strands of DNA together by forming bonds between the phosphate groups of one strand and the deoxyribose groups on the other
use during replication
72
rRNA
Made by the nucleolus in the nucleus
two are in a subunits combine with the proteins form ribosomes
aids in protein synthesis by reading mRNA codon
73
ribosome
synthesize proteins
74
polysome
Many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA staying at the same time this unit is called a polysome
75
initiation
happens first in translation
76
elongation
second in translation
77
termination
happens last in translation
78
gene mutation
affects only one gene small scale but can have devastating effects
79
Substitution
One nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide
80
addition
Nucleotides are added
81
deletion
Nucleotides are deleted
82
chromosomal mutations
Affects many genes because they affect the entire chromosome or parts of the chromosome
83
Inversion
parts of the chromosomes are inverted
84
Translocation
parts of the chromosomes can we relocated
85
duplication
one or more of the parts of the chromosome is doubled or tripled
86
deletion
A part of the chromosome is missing
87
somatic mutation
occurs in body cells after birth
88
Germinal mutations
mutations of the eggs and sperm or in early development of the embryo
89
mutagen
can be external or internal that can cause mutations in DNA
90
carcinogens
cause cells to undergo mitosis uncontrollably resulting in the formation of tumours
91
vector
Something that can get DNA into one species from another
92
plasmid
A small circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another species
