Circulation and Gas Exchange

Question 1

What is a circulatory system?

Answer 1

moving fluids reducing functional diffusion distance that products must transverse

Question 2

What is a circulatory system, and where is it usually found?

Answer 2

related to size, complexity, and lifestyle

usually internal, extracellular, aqueous medium

Question 3

What do sponges and cnidarians do to circulate?

Answer 3

environmental water

Question 4

What can be used to transport material?

Answer 4

body cavity

Question 5

What do bastocoelomates use to circulate, and what kind of animals are they?

Answer 5

blastocoelomates uses body cavity fluid

small/ long and thin (rotifers)

Question 6

What does circualtion limit animals to?

Answer 6

small size or shapes when there are no special chambers or vessels for fluids to diffuse material

Question 7

What is a closed circulatory system?

Answer 7

blood stays in distinct vessels and may line chambers

Question 8

How do closed circulatory systems exchange, and what is required at exchange sites?

Answer 8

exchange occurs in special systems like capillary beds

site must offer minimal diffusion resistance

Question 9

What are closed circulatory systems common in?

Answer 9

well-developed or spacious coeloms

Question 10

How do blood and coelomic fluid differ in function>

Answer 10

blood- transport nutrient and gas

coelom- accumulate metabolic waste for nephridia/ hydrostatic skeleton

Question 11

What do closed circulatory systems rely on?

Answer 11

relies on body movement/coelomic pressure to move blood, or muscles/ hearts/ contractile vessels/ pulsatile organs

Question 12

What is an open circulatory system?

Answer 12

heart, vessels, chambers, and sinuses where hemolymph empties from vessels into body cavity and bathes organs

Question 13

What is a hemocoel (2), and what groups have it?

Answer 13

body cavity with a reduced coelom/ loss of peritoneal lining

can act as a hydrostatic skeleton/ movement

arthropods and non-cephalopod molluscs

Question 14

3 types of structural emchanisms to pump blood

Answer 14

contractile vessels (annelids)

ostiate hearts (arthropods)

chambered hearts (molluscs and vertebrates)

Question 15

What is intrinsic pumping structure, and an example?

Answer 15

originating from muscles of the structure itself

myogenic heart of mulluscs and vertebrates

Question 16

What is extrinsic pumping structure, and an example?

Answer 16

originating from motor nerves outside the structure

neurogenic hearts of arthropods and vessels of annelids

Question 17

Where does gas exchange occur in invertebrates that lack such structures?

Answer 17

occurs integumentary/cutaneous/ body surface

Question 18

What are restrictions to organisms without specialized gas exchange structures

Answer 18

tiny or soft-bodied

restricted to moist or aquatic habitat

Question 19

What are gills?

Answer 19

thin-walled, external organs well supplied with blood or body fluids

highly folded or digitated to increase diffusive surface area

Question 20

What other non-gas exchange function can gills do?

Answer 20

can be used for sensory input and feeding in some

Question 21

What is a con of gills?

Answer 21

must be protected from osmotic stress (estuaries)

Question 22

What is hindgut irrigation?

Answer 22

use of gut lining for gas exchange and pumps water in and out of a hindgut (sea cucumbers)

Question 23

What are book lungs, and what groups have it?

Answer 23

blind inpocketings with highly folder inner linings

arachnids, insects, and centipedes/millipedes

Question 24

What is a tracheae?

Answer 24

branched, anastomosed invaginations of the outer body wall

Question 25

What does trachea allow?

Answer 25

allows diffusion of oxygen from air to the tissues (no blood)

Question 26

What does atmospheric pressure prevent in the trachea?

Answer 26

prevents fluids from being drawn too close to the body surface due to evaporation

Question 27

What are spiracles?

Answer 27

special muscles to ventilate tracheae in large insects to pump air

Question 28

What is a pseudotracheae, and what group has it?

Answer 28

invaginated gas exchange structures on some of their abdominal appendages terrestrial isopod crustaceans

Question 29

What are pneumostomes, and group?

Answer 29

gas exchange structure that opens to the outside via a pore, derived from the mantle cavity land snails and slugs

Question 30

What are respiratory pigments, and wheere are they found?

Answer 30

special molecules with metal ions that can reversibly bind and transport oxygen occurs in solution, but some may uccyr within cells

Question 31

What do respiratory pigments do in different oxygen concentrations? (3)

Answer 31

loads during high oxygen concentration and unloads in low oxygen concentrations loads/binds at sight of oxygen exchange unloads/releases at cells and tissues

Question 32

What factors influence O2 carrying capacity of respiratory pigments?

Answer 32

temperature, CO2 concentration, and other factors

Question 33

Four respiratory pigments

Answer 33

hemoglobin, hemocyanins, chlorocruorins, and hemoerthrins

Question 34

Where does oxygen go first in cephalized groups?

Answer 34

head

Question 35

What group are respiratory pigments rare in, and why?

Answer 35

insects use tracheal system, not blood, to carry oxygen

Question 36

How does oxygen vary in water?

Answer 36

turbulence, depth, temperature, salinity

Question 37

What is hemoglobin (3)?

Answer 37

most common some transport only, others stores reddish

Question 38

Where is hemoglobin found, and what groups have them?

Answer 38

annelids, crustaceans, insects, molluscs, and echinoderms + protists, fungi, and plants carried in coelomic cells or dissolved in blood

Question 39

What are hemerythrins (2), and its evolution?

Answer 39

violet to pink when oxygenated functions for storage long and complex evolution- may have other roles

Question 40

What groups have hemerythrins?

Answer 40

annelids, brachiopods

Question 41

WHat is chlorocruorins, and what group has it?

Answer 41

green to red functions well in high environmental levels of oxygen annelids

Question 42

What are hemocyanins, and where (3) is it found?

Answer 42

hemolymph of molluscs and arthropods copper instead of iron (blue) release oxygen easily and provides space to tissue at high concentrations in solutions, not cells

Question 43

How does the body store CO2? (2)

Answer 43

body fluids have high CO2 concentrations to form carbonic acid in water then turns into bicarbonate, adjusting pH due to changing carbon dioxide levels