Locomotion and Support

Question 1

How did locomotion and support evolve?

Answer 1

mutually

Question 2

What is required for locomotion in water to prevent damage?

Answer 2

Flexibility and support

Question 3

What is Reynolds number, and what does it describe?

Answer 3

ratio of intertial force to viscous force

behavior of a cylinder in water

Question 4

What does a high Reynold’s water mean (4)?

Answer 4

at higher numbers, inertial force predominates and determines the behavior of water flow around an object

must expend more energy to move

inertia carries it forward when it stops swimming

changes laminar to turbulent water flow (less efficient)

Question 5

What does a low Reynold’s number mean (2)?

Answer 5

at low numbers, viscous force predominates and determines the behavior of water

stops immediately when movement stops

Question 6

What is ameboid locomotion? (2)

Answer 6

uses gel-like ectoplasm surrounding a fluid endoplasm

movement is facilitated by changing the cell state

Question 7

How does amoeboid movement work (3)?

Answer 7

-pseudopods develop on the surface to creep

innermost endoplasm moves forward while outermost remains stable

as it advances, ectoplasm becomes rigid at tip of pseudopodium

Question 8

What is a lobopod?

Answer 8

wide, blunt-tipped psuedopods in protists and eukaryotic cells

Question 9

What exhibits ameboid locomotion?

Answer 9

protists and amoeboid cells

Question 10

How are cilia and flagella related?

Answer 10

homologous in structure

Question 11

What group lacks cilia?

Answer 11

arthropods

Question 12

What is cilia, where does it arise, and what does it do?

Answer 12

cilia is shorter and occurs in patches

arises from kinetosome/ basal body

propulsive force

Question 13

What do large animals do to move using cilia/ flagella at low Reynold’s numbers?

Answer 13

large animals secrete mucus to lower Reynolds number
- allows movement of fluid over cilia/ flagella

Question 14

What is the structure of flagella?

Answer 14

long flexible rod covered by plasma membrane extension

Question 15

What is an axoneme?

Answer 15

9 paired microtubules running length of cilia

Question 16

What are dynein arms?

Answer 16

two rows of projection that directs adjacent doublets

Question 17

What are radiospokes?

Answer 17

protein complexes that drive movement; attach to central doublet

Question 18

How do microtubules work in a flagella, and what does it do?

Answer 18

microtubules slide up and down one another, bending it

microtubules provide support/ endoskeleton

Question 19

What can cilia and flagella be used for?

Answer 19

can be used to make feeding/ gas exchange currents, line digestive tract, sex cells, sensory structures

Question 20

What are mastigonemes?

Answer 20

branches on flagella that increases surface area for propulsion

Question 21

How does cilia differ from flagella?

Answer 21

simpler and more consistent

Question 22

How does cilia move (2)?

Answer 22

• coordinated beating is due to hydrodynamic constraints by surrounding water layer
• some are under neural control (reversing stroke)

Question 23

What do skeletons do?

Answer 23

maintains shape, provides support, serves as attachment for muscles, transmit forces of muscle contractions for work, and extend related muscle

Question 24

What can skeletons be hade of?

Answer 24

hard tissue, secreted skeleton, or turgid fluids/ tissues (hydrostatic skeleton)

Question 25

What is a hydrostatic skeleton based on?

Answer 25

incompressibility and ability to assume any shape for liquids

Question 26

How does a hydrostatic skeleton work? (3)

Answer 26

fluids transmits pressure change rapidly and unidirectionally muscles can only perform work contracting as muscle contracts, hydrostatic skeleton extends to create pressure

Question 27

What does the coelom do in the hydrostatic skeleton?

Answer 27

coelom in muscle layers allows fluid to move to one side when contracted

Question 28

What is peristalsis? (2)

Answer 28

moves by contracting posterior circular muscles opposite end must be anchored when extending and moving

Question 29

What is peristalsis seen in?

Answer 29

seen in feeding proboscis and tube feet

Question 30

What is hydrostatic movement?

Answer 30

diagonal muscle fibers intersecting to prevent twisting

Question 31

What is required for the hydrostatic skeleton?

Answer 31

volume of fluid should be constant (sphincter muscles prevents fluid from leaving holes)

Question 32

How do organisms increase precision of the hydrostatic skeleton?

Answer 32

more precise through segmentation

Question 33

What is a rigid skeleton?

Answer 33

capacity to grow larger, more precise or controlled movement, defense, and speed

Question 34

What is a skeleton from the mesoderm called vs the ecoderm?

Answer 34

mesoderm- endoskeleton (spicules/ bones) ectoderm- exoskeleton

Question 35

How did the rigid skeleton originate?

Answer 35

a byproduct (nitrogenous waste and organic molecules led to chitin) or calcium for calcareous shells

Question 36

What is an articulate skeleton?

Answer 36

exoskeleton of arthropods, clams, braciopods, and endoskeleton of echinoderm

Question 37

What is a nonarticulating skeleton?

Answer 37

snail exoskeleton and endoskeleton of sea urchins and sand dollars

Question 38

What are skeletons often made from?

Answer 38

collagen

Question 39

What is cuticle?

Answer 39

extracellular matrix secreted by the epidermis

Question 40

What is the cuticle made of, and how is it strengthened (2)?

Answer 40

glycocalyx matrix, collagen, keratin, chitin, and cellulose may be mineralized to form spicules or shells may be layered with different structure and composition

Question 41

What is tanning?

Answer 41

strengthening of cuticle by adding calcium and pigments

Question 42

What does the cuticle do (2)?

Answer 42

provides defense and prevents dessication wax on surface can decreas water permeability

Question 43

What is muscl instertion?

Answer 43

where muscle is anchored for movement

Question 44

What are flexor muscles?

Answer 44

movement of limb toward body

Question 45

What are extensor muscles?

Answer 45

contraction extends away from body

Question 46

What are protractor and retractor muscles?

Answer 46

anterior and posterior movement of limbs

Question 47

What are adductor and abductor muscles?

Answer 47

moves body part toward or away from a point of reference

Question 48

How can unattached muscles be found? (2)

Answer 48

but form masses of muscle fiber (snail foot) no origin and insertion but can act on each other