Reproduction

Question 1

What is the biological success requirement?

Answer 1

organism stays alive long enough to reproduce

Question 2

What is asexual reproduction, and three examples?

Answer 2

vegetative growth through mitosis

body fission, budding, fragmentation

Question 3

What groups can regenerate their whole body?

Answer 3

sponges, cnidarians, colonial animals, and annelids

Question 4

What does asexual reproduction depend on?

Answer 4

reproductive exploitation/ regeneration

Question 5

What group can regenerate but not reproduce asexually?

Answer 5

starfish and crabs

Question 6

Why is asexual reproduction beneficial? (4)

Answer 6

take advantage of favorable environment

exploit temporary abundant food

colonize disturbed space

can produce overwinter/ cyst bodies to survive harsh period

Question 7

What are examples of asexual colonies?

Answer 7

cnidarians, ascidians, bryozoans

Question 8

What is a colony?

Answer 8

group of genetically identical individuals that are not completely separated from each other, but organically connected through extensions or secreted material

Question 9

Why is colonial living beneficial? (7)

Answer 9

enhance asexual reproduction,

produce more functional units (solve SA/V ratio),

feeding efficiency,

handle larger food,

reduce predation,

make the more competitive,

have specialized function

Question 10

What is sexual reproduction, and two steps included in it?

Answer 10

formation of gametes (haploid) through meiosis by the gonads (testes and ovaries)

Meiosis and fertilization

Question 11

What is gonad complexity related to?

Answer 11

developmental strategy

Question 12

What is the difference between reproduction and sexual process?

Answer 12

reproduction is division of cells, sexual processes is two cells fusing into one

Question 13

Drawback (2) and benefits of sexual reproduction (3)

Answer 13

not necessary for survival

energetically costly

common due to benefits of genetic variation (recombination)

response to environment

adapt to fluctuations, predators, parasites, and disease

Question 14

What is the real queen hypothesis?

Answer 14

populations must access new allel combination through natural selection to keep up with environment

Question 15

What is broadcast spawning?

Answer 15

release of gametes in water- external fertilization

Question 16

How can gametes be released?

Answer 16

simple gametes using discrete plumbing arrangement (coelomoducts, metanephridia, gonoducts) or pores/ body wall opening

Question 17

What does spawning require?

Answer 17

synchronous spawning and water currents

synchronization through temperature, light, moon

Question 18

What are the 5 steps to internal fertilization for sperm?

Answer 18

sperm is produced in testes > transported via sperm duct to seminal vesicle > encased in spermatophores for protection and movement > male copulatory organ inserted into females gonopre and vagina > sperm enters seminal receptacle

Question 19

What are the three steps for internal fertilization for female eggs?

Answer 19

ovaries produce eggs > transported into oviducts > fertilized by sperm

Question 20

How does sperm move?

Answer 20

sperm moves using flagella or ameboid movement and cilia in female

Question 21

gonochoristic vs hermaphroditic

Answer 21

gonochoristic/ dioecious (plants)- separate sexes

hermaphrodiic/ monoecious- both gonads

Question 22

What are pros to hermaphrodites?

Answer 22

allows for impregnation of two in a single encounter

Question 23

Examples of hermaphrodites

Answer 23

oysters, barnacles, chaetognaths, platyhelminthes, clitellate annelids, tunicates, gastropods, isopods

Question 24

What is trioecy, and examples?

Answer 24

females, males, and hermaphrodites

C elegans

Question 25

What is protandric hermaphroditism/ protandry?

Answer 25

individual is first male and later female (more common)

Question 26

What is protogynic hermaphroditism/protogyny?

Answer 26

first female, then male

Question 27

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 27

unfertilized eggs develop into viable adults

Question 28

What is pseudogamy?

Answer 28

parthenogenetic females mates with another species male, but no need for sperm

Question 29

What are examples of parthenogenetic groups?

Answer 29

gastrotrichs, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes, gastropods, some insects, some crustaceans

Question 30

How common is parthenogenesis? (2)

Answer 30

not common within a whole group/ genus often in small-bodied parasites or free-living in extreme environments

Question 31

What is the fate of parthenogenetic organisms?

Answer 31

arise and succeeds due to immediate advantage, but condemned to extinction in the future

Question 32

What are examples of parthenogenetic organisms swithcing to sexual (3)?

Answer 32

free living sexual, parasitic parthenogenetic - nematodes, thrips, gall wasps, aphids temperate freshwater- parthenogenesis in summer, sexual in winter parthenogenesis for several generations, followed by sexual

Question 33

How are rotifers parthenogenetic?

Answer 33

they are parthenogetic until population gets to large

Question 34

How do bdelloid larvae include genetic variation even when parthenogenetic?

Answer 34

bdelloids use horizontal gene transfer to incorporate genes without sexual reproduction

Question 35

How do cladocerans (water fleas) switch reproductive methods?

Answer 35

cladocerans switch to sexual when overcrowding, adverse temperature, food scarcity, or food changes

Question 36

How do honeybees switch reproductive methods?

Answer 36

queen is fertilized by male once, and is stored and used over a lifetime; males produced through parthenogenesis

Question 37

How can true parthenogenesis exist?

Answer 37

significant genetic adaptability or have general purpose genotypes