Circulatory Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What 6 nutrients are found in the plasma
A
Sugar
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
Lipids
Vitamins
Minerals
2
Q
What are the 5 components of plasma
A
Nutrients
Wastes
Blood Proteins
Water (90%)
Hormones
3
Q
What 4 waste products are found in plasma
A
Ammonia
Urea
Uric Acid
Creatinine
4
Q
What 5 Blood Proteins are found in Plasma
A
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Globulins
5
Q
Water is what percent of plasma?
A
90%
6
Q
What are Erthrocytes
A
Red Blood Cells
7
Q
what is the function of Erthrocytes (red blood cells)?
A
to carry oxygen
8
Q
what shape are red blood cells
A
Bioconcave discs
9
Q
True or False: Ethrocytes (red blood cells) have nuclei and/or organelles
A
False, Erythrocytes DO NOT have nuclei or organelles
10
Q
Bags of Hemoglobin are also known as?
A
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
11
Q
what does oxygen bind to in hemoglobin?
A
Iron
12
Q
What are Leukocytes?
A
white blood cells
13
Q
how many types of white blood cells are there?
A
5
14
Q
What are the 5 types of White Blood Cells
A
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocyte
15
Q
what is the most abundant leukocyte (white blood cell)
A
Neutrophil
16
Q
what leukocyte (white blood cell) is the first line of defense in inflammatory response
A
Neutrophils
17
Q
what leukocyte (white blood cells) ends allergic responses
A
Eosinphil
18
Q
what leukocyte (white blood cell) stimulates inflammatory responses
A
Basophil
19
Q
what Leukocyte (white blood cell) is responsible for specific immunity
A
Lymphocytes
20
Q
B-cells and T-cells are what type of Leukocytes?
A
Lymphocytes
21
Q
what do B-cells secrete?
A
antibodies
22
Q
T-cells are responsible for?
A
cell mediated immunity
23
Q
True or False: Monocyte is a general phagocyte?
A
True, Monocyte is a general phagocyte
24
Q
What is the largest leukocyte?
A
Monocytes
25
what are large Monocytes called?
Macrophages
26
What initiates blood-clotting?
Platelets
27
What is the flow of blood into, through and out of the heart?
Hint: VRTR-PPPP-LBLAAR
1. Vena Cavae (superior/inferior)
2. Right Atrium (first of 4 chambers)
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right Ventricle
5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
6. Pulmonary Arteries
7. Pulmonary capillaries - gas exchange occurs
8. Pulmonary Veins (red and 4 of them)
9. Left Atrium
10. Bicuspid valve
11. Left ventricle
12. Aortic semilunar valve
13. Aorta
14. Rest of the body
28
what are the locations and orientations of the heart?
Apex and Base
29
describe the apex of the heart
narrow and inferior
30
describe the BASE of the heart
broad and superior
31
What are the coverings and layers of the heart?
Hint: FPP-VME
Fibrous Pericardium
Parietal Layer of the Serous Pericardium
Pericardial Cavity
Visceral Layer of the Serous Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
32
Fibrous Pericardium is a strong layer of ___________
Fibrous Connective Tissue
33
What prevents the heart from overflowing with blood?
Fibrous Pericardium
34
what is the cavity between the 2 serous membranes?
Pericardial Cavity
35
what is the most superficial layer of the heart wall?
Visceral Layer of the serous Pericardium
36
the myocardium consists mostly of?
cardiac muscle
37
What is the deepest layer of the heart wall
Endocardium
38
the endocardium consists of a layer of?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
39
this layer of the heart is connected to a layer of areolar tissue that lines the heart chambers
Endocardium
40
what are the 3 internal features of the heart chambers?
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
Coronary Sulcus
41
what feature of the heart chamber separates the 2 atria?
Interatrial Septum
42
what feature of the heart chambers separates the 2 ventricles?
Interventricular septum
43
This feature of the heart chambers forms a ring encircling the boundary between the atria and ventricles
Coronary Sulcus
44
of the two ATRIUMS do the Inferior and superior vena cavae as well as the coronary sinus empty into this
Right Atrium
45
what is the name of the pouch in the RIGHT ATRIUM that looks like a dog's ear?
(Note: this is also in the Left Atrium, but the notes specify for the Right Atrium)
Auricle
46
True or False: the posterior wall of the RIGHT ATRIUM is smooth
True, the posterior wall of the right atrium is smooth
47
The anterior wall of the RIGHT ATRIUM is lined by horizontal ridges formed by _________ muscles
Pectinate (comb-like)
48
Of the 2 ATRIUMS, which receives blood from the 4 pulmonary veins?
Left Atrium
49
True or False: the LEFT ATRIUM does not have the same structure as the RIGHT ATRIUM
False, the left and right atrium have the same structure
50
The RIGHT VENTRICLE receives blood from where?
Right Atrium
51
What are the 3 INTERNAL components of the VENTRICLES?
Trabeculae Carneae
Papillary Muscles
Chordae Tendineae
52
What INTERNAL component of the VENTRICLES has irregular ridges of cardiac muscle?
Trabeculae Carneae
53
What INTERNAL component of the VENTRICLES is made of cone-shaped muscles?
Papillary Muscles
54
What INTERNAL component of the VENTRICLES project from the papillary muscles and connect to the flaps of the valves?
Chordae Tendineae
55
The LEFT VENTRICLE receives blood from where?
Left Atrium
56
The left ventricle has the same structure as the right ventricle, with 1 slight difference.
What is that difference
The LEFT VENTRICLE has thicker MYOCARDIUM
57
True or False: Each valve in the heart contains cusps?
True
58
What are Cusps?
Flaps of Endocardium
59
How many cusps does the Bicuspid Valve have?
2 cusps
60
How many cusps does the Tricuspid Valve have?
3 cusps
61
How many cusps does the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve have and what is their shape?
3 cusps
Cup-like
62
How many cusps does the Aortic Semilunar Valve have and what is their shape?
3 cusps
Cup-like
63
How many Heart Valves are there?
4
64
What are the 4 Heart Valves?
Bicuspid
Tricuspid
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Aortic Semilunar Valve
65
What are the 5 components of the Heart Conducting System?
Sinoatrial Node
Atrial Ventricular Node
Bundle of His
Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
66
What NODE of the Heart Conducting System is the Heart's pacemaker?
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
67
What FIBERS in the Heart Conducting System approach the apex of the heart and turn superiorly into the ventricular walls
Purkinje fibers
68
What 2 arteries does the LEFT CORONARY ARTERY branch off into?
anterior interventricular artery
circumflex artery
69
What 2 arteries does the RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY branch off into?
posterior interventricular artery
marginal artery
70
What are the 3 layers of a Blood Vessel Wall?
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
71
what is Lumen?
Empty space enclosed by a blood vessel
72
What are the 2 layers of the TUNICA INTIMA and what are they made of?
Endothelium, which is a single layer of Squamous Epithelium
Subendothelium, consists of areolar tissue
73
Which layer of the blood vessel in the thiccest?
Tunica Media
74
What type of muscle does the TUNICA MEDIA consists of?
Smooth Muscle
75
What does the TUNICA EXTERNA consists of?
connective tissue with many collagen and elastin fibers
76
How many types of arteries are there?
3
77
What are the 3 types of ARTERIES?
Elastic
Muscular
Arterioles
78
The largest arteries are near the ________?
Heart
79
What is the largest artery?
Aorta
80
What type of ARTERIES has more elastin than the others?
Elastic Arteries
81
What ARTERIES are conducting arteries?
Elastic
82
What ARTERIES are distributing arteries?
Muscular
83
What are the smallest ARTERIES called and what do they connect to?
Arterioles and they connect to capillary beds
84
what are the smallest blood vessels and what layer do they only consist of?
Capillaries and they consist of only a Tunica Intima
85
What is the name of the network of the bodies smallest vessels; run throughout all the body's tissues
Capillary Beds
86
How many components of Capillary Beds are there?
5
87
What are the 5 components of Capillary beds
Terminal Arteriole
Metarteriole
True Capillaries
Thoroughfare
Venule
88
What are the 3 components of Capillary Permeability?
Intercellular Clefts
Fenestrations
Sinusoids
89
INTERCELLULAR CLEFTS have gaps of __________
unjoined membranes
90
Of the 3 components of Capillary Permeability does the most exchange occur?
A.) Intercellular Clefts
B.) Fenestrations
C.) Sinusoids
A.) Intercellular Clefts
91
what are pores in the capillaries called?
Fenestrations
92
Where are Fenestrations in Capillaries found?
Found only where there are exceptionally high rates of exchange of small molecules between the blood and surrounding tissue fluid
93
What are sinusoids in relation to capillaries?
Sinusoids are areas of high permeability found in the most leaky capillaries, allowing for the exchange of large molecules, such as cells and proteins.
94
Where in the body are sinusoids commonly found?
Sinusoids are found in the bone marrow and spleen, where cells and proteins are frequently exchanged.
95
Do Veins carry blood TOWARDS or AWAY from the heart?
Veins carry blood TOWARDS the heart
96
1.) Are VEIN walls thinner or thicker than arteries?
2.) Do VEIN walls have more or less elastin than arteries?
1.) Thinner walls
2.) Less elastin
97
In VEINS, the lumen (empty space) is larger and holds what percent of blood in the body?
65%
98
What are the 2 ways VEINS counteract low blood pressure?
Valves and Skeletal Muscle Pumps
99
What are the smallest and largest VEINS called?
Smallest: Venules
Largest: Veins
100
Venules connect to _______ and empty into ________
connect to Capillary Beds
Empty in Veins
101
What provides larger blood vessels with O2 and nutrients?
Vaso Vasora
102
How many functions does Lymphatic system have?
3
103
What are the 3 functions of the Lymphatic System?
1.) Return excess lymph back into the blood stream
2.) Return leaked proteins to the blood
3.) Carry absorbed fat from the intestine to the blood stream
104
What is the Lymphatic system Flow Chart
(Hint: 5 items)
1. Lymphatic capillaries
2. Lymphatic collecting vessels
3. Lymph nodes
4. Lymph trunks
5.Lymph ducts - return lymph back to the blood stream
105
What are highly permeable vessels that collect excess tissue fluid?
Lymphatic capillaries, which absorb fluid from tissues and return it to the lymphatic system.
106
What provides an entryway for tissue fluid in lymphatic capillaries?
Intercellular junctions at the edges of adjacent cells.
107
What prevents backflow in lymphatic capillaries?
Flaps that act as mini-valves
108
Where do lymphatic capillaries occur in the body?
Almost everywhere blood capillaries occur
109
What are lacteals, and where are they found?
Lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries found in the villi of the small intestine.
110
What do lymphatic collecting vessels have in common with blood vessels?
They have the same tunics as blood vessels but with thinner walls.
111
How do lymphatic collecting vessels differ from veins?
They contain more valves than veins.
112
Where do bulges occur in lymphatic collecting vessels?
At the base of each valve.
113
What shaped are Lymph Nodes?
Bean-shaped
114
How many Lymph Nodes are in the human body?
About 500 in the human body
115
What is the function of Lymph Nodes?
To cleanse the lymph of pathogens
116
What is the function of Lymph Trunks?
Drain the lymphatic collecting vessels
117
Where are the 5 locations of the Lymph Trunks?
Lumbar - lie of the sides of the abdominal aorta
Intestinal - located near the posterior abdominal wall
Broncho mediastinal - lie near the sides of the trachea
Subclavian - located near the base of the neck
Jugular - located at the base of each jugular vein
118
All of the Lymph trunks are paired except 1, which one is it?
Intestinal
119
How many Lymph Ducts are there?
2
120
What are the 2 Lymph Ducts?
Thoracic Duct
Right Lymphatic Duct
121
The THORACIC DUCT empties lymph into the venous circulation at which junction?
junction of the left jugular and left subclavian veins
122
The Thoracic DUCT drains how much of the body?
3/4 of the body
123
The Right Lymphatic Duct in only found in what percent of people?
20%
124
The Right Lymphatic Duct drains which quadrant of the body?
Upper right quadrant
125
For the 80% of people who DO NOT have a Right Lymphatic Duct, what drains the upper right quadrant?
Lymphatic Trunks
126
What are the 2 functions of the Immune System?
1.) Recognize and attack specific foreign molecules
2.) Destroy pathogens more effectively with each new exposure
127
What is a Pathogen?
Disease causing agent
128
what PROTEIN is found on a pathogen that is recognized by the specific immune system
Antigen
129
What protein that is secreted by a b-cell that recognizes a specific antigen?
Antibodies?
130
injection of an antigen found on a specific pathogen that stimulates the specific immune system
Vaccine
131
What do cytotoxic T-lymphocytes do?
They attack pathogens by contact and inject a toxin that causes cell death.
132
What is the role of memory T-lymphocytes?
They are stored to help fight future infections
133
How do helper T-lymphocytes assist in the immune response?
They help T-cells and B-cells fight infections
134
What do plasma B-lymphocytes do?
They produce and secrete antibodies.
135
What is lymphoid tissue?
A specialized type of connective tissue where large quantities of lymphocytes gather to fight invading pathogens
136
Where is lymphoid tissue found?
In frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems, known as MALT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue).
137
What lymphoid organs contain lymphoid tissue?
All lymphoid organs except the thymus.
138
What is the function of the thymus in T-cell development?
The thymus is the organ where T-cells mature and gain immunocompetency, allowing them to recognize and respond to pathogens.
139
How many functions does the Spleen have?
3
140
What are the 3 functions of the Spleen?
a) Destroys blood borne pathogens
b) Destroys defective blood cells
c) Stores platelets
141
How many Tonsils are there?
4
142
What are the 4 Tonsils?
a) Palatine
b) Pharyngeal
c) Lingual
d) Tubal
143
What is the largest Tonsil?
Palatine
144
Where is the Palatine Tonsil located?
back of throat
145
Where is the Pharyngeal Tonsil located?
Nasopharynx
146
Where is the Lingual Tonsil Located?
back of the tongue
147
Where is the Tubal Tonsil located?
Near ears
148
What is the Appendix connected to?
The Appendix is connected to the cecum of the Large Intestine
149
Lymph Nodes are the intersection between what 2 systems?
Lymphatic system and Immune system
