Levels of Organization Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
what are the levels of organization leading up to ‘Cell’
A
- sub-atomic particle
- atom
- molecule
- subcellular organelles
- cell
2
Q
- what are the 3 types of subatomic particles?
A
- Protons
- Neutrons
- Electrons
3
Q
What are the levels of Organization after ‘Cell’?
A
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ System
- Organism
- Population
4
Q
what are the 4 most abundant atoms
A
- hydrogen
- carbon
- nitrogen
- oxygen
5
Q
what subatomic particles make up the nucleus?
A
Protons and Neutrons
6
Q
what subatomic particle is outside the nucleus?
A
Electron
7
Q
How is ‘Atomic Number’ determined?
A
by the number of protons in the nucleus
8
Q
what is the simplest living unit?
A
Cell
9
Q
________ is a combination of cells that perform a specific function
A
Tissues
10
Q
(——–) is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same place at the same time
A
Population
11
Q
(——-) are atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons, giving them a net electrical charge
A
Ion
12
Q
if an atom loses electrons it becomes a (——-) charged ion (called cation)
A
positively
13
Q
if an atom gains electrons, it becomes a (——-) charged ion (called anion)
A
negatively
14
Q
The atomic number and number of bonds for:
Hydrogren
A
- atomic no = 1
- No of bonds = 1
15
Q
The atomic number and number of bonds for:
Carbon
A
- atomic no = 6
- No of bonds = 4
16
Q
The atomic number and number of bonds for:
Nitrogen
A
- atomic no = 7
- no of bonds = 3
17
Q
The atomic number and number of bonds for:
Oxygen
A
- atomic no = 8
- no of bonds = 2
18
Q
atoms have an equal number of (——) and (—–)
A
protons and electrons
19
Q
the defining feature of life is:
A
the ability to self-repair
20
Q
True or False: Water is Polar
A
True, water is polar
21
Q
True or False: water is cohesive
A
True, water is cohesive
22
Q
True or False: water is adhesive
A
True, water is adhesive
23
Q
true or false: water is lighter than ice
A
False; ice is lighter than water
24
Q
true or false: water can moderate climate
A
true, water can moderate climate
25
true or false: water is NOT a powerful solvent
False; water IS a powerful solvent
26
solvents dissolves (------)
solutes
27
is water a solvent or solute?
Solvent
28
Solutes are dissolved by (----)
solvents
29
salt, sugar and gas are examples of solutes or solvents?
Solutes
30
A Solution is a combination of (----) and (----)
solvents, solutes
31
what is the definition of pH
positive logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration {H+} of a solution
32
the pH of water is (---) which is considered (----)
7; Neutral
33
pH below 7 is an (---)
Acid
34
pH above 7 is a (----)
base
35
a sugar or chain of sugars is also known as a (------)
Carbohydrate
36
True or False: a carbohydrate is a CARBON with an OH and H attached to it
True
37
a Simple Carbohydrate is 1 or 2 (-----) combined
sugars
38
a Complex Carbohydrate is (---) or more sugars combined
3
39
Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose are all examples of:
Complex Carbohydrates
40
this complex carbohydrate is responsible for the storage of glucose in plants
Starch
41
this complex carbohydrate is responsible for the storage of glucose in animals
Glycogen
42
this complex carbohydrate makes up the structural material in plants
Cellulose
43
are Lipids polar or non-polar
Non-polar
44
Lipids have high amounts of (----) and (----)
Carbon, Hydrogen
45
What are the 2 types of fats
Saturated and Unsaturated
46
This type of fat is solid at room temperature
Saturated fat
47
This type of fat is liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated fat
48
Phospholipids are a major component of:
plasma membranes
49
True or False: Steroids are a lipid
True, steroids are a lipid
50
A chain of amino acids form:
Protein
51
what are the 8 functions of Proteins
(Mnemonic: Every Dog Seeks Treats, Happy Rascals Chase Squirrels)
1) Enzymatic - biological catalyst
2) Defensive - antibodies
3) Storage - storage of amino acids
4) Transport - transport substances within the body
5) Hormonal - transmits information throughout the body
6) Receptor - receive cellular messages
7) Contractile - found in muscles
8) Structural - provides support/infrastructure
52
Enzymatic Proteins are:
biological catalyst
53
Defensive proteins include:
antibodies
54
storage proteins are responsible for the storage of:
amino acids
55
the function of transport proteins is to:
transport substances within the body
56
Hormonal proteins transmit (-----) throughout the body
information
57
Receptor proteins receive (-------) messages
Cellular
58
Contractile proteins are found in:
Muscles
59
Structural proteins provide (------) and (----)
Support, infrastructure
60
Nucleic acid are chains of (------)
nucleotides
61
(------) groups are crucial in nucleic acids as they form the backbone structure, providing stability and directionality essential for DNA and RNA functions
Phosphate
62
what are the 3 components of Nucleic Acid
Phosphate
Sugar (5 carbons)
Base
63
DNA is short for:
Deoxyribonucleic acid
64
True or False: DNA is double stranded?
True
65
True or False: deoxyribose is a type of sugar
True
66
The 4 bases of DNA are?
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
67
In DNA, (A) Adenine binds to?
(T) Thymine
68
In DNA, (G) Guanine binds to?
(C) Cytosine
69
RNA stands for?
Ribonucleic Acid
70
Is RNA single-stranded or double-stranded?
Single-stranded
71
True or False: Ribose is a type of sugar?
True
72
In RNA, (A) Adenine binds to?
(U) Uracil
73
In RNA, (C) Cytosine binds to?
(G) Guanine
74
The 4 bases of RNA are?
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
75
The 5 components of the Plasma Membrane are?
Phospholipid layer
Proteins
Cholesterol
Glycoprotein
Glycolipid
76
The 3 components of the Nucleus are?
Nuclear Membrane
Chromatin
Nucleolus
77
The Nucleolus produces (-----)
Ribosomes
78
this is the site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
79
this is embedded with ribosomes and produces proteins for export
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
80
this has a variety of functions, one of them being lipid synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
81
this transports materials to the exterior of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
82
this digests materials within the cell
lysosomes
83
this is the site of photosynthesis
chloroplasts
84
this is the site of ATP production
Mitochondria
85
this cellular organelle detoxifies poisons
Peroxisomes
86
the cytoskeletal is composed of these 3 components
1. Microtubule
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microfilaments
87
what is the largest component of the cytoskeleton
microtubule
88
what is the smallest component of the cytoskeleton
microfilaments
89
this organelle is used in cell division
centriole
90
what are the 3 steps for processing energy in plants?
i. Sun (photosynthesis) ↓
ii. Sugar (broken down by cellular respiration in mitochondria)↓
iii. ATP
91
what are the 3 steps for Protein Synthesis
i. DNA (transcription) (ATP) ↓
ii. mRNA (translation) (on ribosome in cytoplasm)(ATP) ↓
iii.ATP
92
this type of tissue lines the inside and outside of surfaces
Epithelial Tissue
93
this type of Epithelial tissue is flat
Squamous
94
This type of Epithelial tissue is cube-shaped
Cuboidal
95
This type of Epithelial tissue is tall
Columnar
96
This type of Epithelial tissue has the same basement membrane
Pseudostratified Columnar
97
This type of Epithelial tissue cell's change based on the distention of the organ
Transitional
98
Living cells in a non-living matrix make up this type of tissue
Connective tissue
99
What are the 2 types of Connective tissue
Loose, Dense
100
What are the 3 types of Loose Connective Tissue Proper?
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
101
What is a characteristic of areolar tissue in loose connective tissue proper?
Areolar tissue has many fibers that are obvious in the matrix.
102
what is the purpose of adipose tissue in loose connective tissue proper?
stores fat
103
What is a characteristic of Reticular Tissue in Loose Connective Tissue Proper?
Cells attached to a fibrous network
104
What are the 3 types of Dense Connective Tissue Proper?
Dense Irregular
Dense Regular
Elastic
105
what is a characteristic of Dense Irregular Tissue in Dense Connective tissue Proper?
Fibers are not parallel
106
what is a characteristic of Dense Regular Tissue in Dense Connective tissue Proper?
Fibers are Parallel
107
what is a characteristic of Elastic Tissue in Dense Connective tissue Proper?
Elastic fibers are apparent
108
True or False: Cartilage is a type of Connective Tissue?
True
109
What are the 3 types of Cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
110
What is a characteristic of Hyaline Cartilage?
matrix appears to be clear
111
What is a characteristic of Elastic Cartilage?
elastic fibers are obvious within the matrix
112
What is a characteristic of Fibrocartilage?
thick collagen fibers are obvious in the matrix
113
Bone is a type of (----) tissue
connective
114
what are the 2 types of bone?
Compact, Spongy
115
what is the basic unit of Compact Bone
Osteon
116
True or False: Blood is a type of connective tissue
True, Blood is a type of connective tissue
117
What is a characteristic of Blood?
Blood consists of cells within a liquid Matrix
118
A characteristic of muscle tissue is that it is:
contractile
119
what are the 3 types of Muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
120
what are the 5 characteristics of Skeletal Muscle tissue
(mnemonic: Cute Smart Monkeys Find Vines)
1) Connected to tissue
2) Striated
3) Multinucleated
4) Fibers are parallel
5) Voluntary
121
What are the 5 characteristics of Cardiac Muscle
(mnemonic: Five Silly Unicorns Find Ice cream)
1) Found only in the heart
2) Striated
3) Uninucleate
4) Fibers are branched
5) Involuntary
122
What are the 4 characteristics of Smooth Muscle
(mnemonic: Lions Nap Under Ivy)
1) Lines tubular organs
2) Not striated
3) Uninucleated
4) Involuntary
123
What are the 4 types of connective tissue?
Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
124
What the 2 components of Nervous Tissue?
Neurons
Glial Cells
125
What is the function of neurons in nervous tissue?
Neurons conduct nervous impulses
126
What is the function of Glial Cells in nervous tissue?
to support the neurons
127
What are the 4 types of Connective tissue?
Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
128
This is the measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. It indicates how much energy in a system is unavailable for doing work and how the system naturally tends to move from order to disorder over time.
Entropy
129
The more energy in a system, the less (----)
Entropy
130
"Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only change from one form to another" is a law of:
Thermodynamics
131
"The entropy of the matter of the universe tends to increase" is a law of (--------)
Thermodynamics
132
a (-----) is a substance that gets dissolved in liquid
Solute
133
A (-----) is a liquid that dissolves a solute
Solvent
134
this breaks up bonds for energy (large to small)
Catabolic Process
135
this builds bonds together with energy (small to large)
Anabolic Process
136
