CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards by Ivy Catherine Largueza

also known as the cardiovascular system, is a network of organs that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body and removes waste products. It consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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In the Circulatory System, the ____,____,____ have to work together to maintain homeostasis

Heart, lungs, and blood vessels

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the center of this system, it pumps blood through blood vessels called arteries.

HEART

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Carries blood from upper body back to heart.

Superior vena cava

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Carries blood from heart to lungs.

Pulmonary artery

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Carries blood from lungs.

Pulmonary veins

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Carries blood from lower body back to heart.

Inferior vena cava

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Pumps blood from left ventricle to the whole body.
the largest artery in the human body, responsible for transporting oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Aorta

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allows blood flow between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

tricuspid valve

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heart valves that ensure blood flows in the correct direction, preventing backflow into the ventricles.

Semilunar valves

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allows blood flow between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Bicuspid valve

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also known as “heart strings,” are fibrous cords of connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves in the heart
Anchor the valves; stop them from opening in the wrong direction.

Chordae tendonae

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a muscular and membranous wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart, ensuring proper blood flow and electrical conduction

SEPTUM

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refers to the two upper chambers of the heart, the right and left. These chambers receive blood from the circulatory system and pump it into the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart.

ATRIA

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two lower chambers of the heart, responsible for pumping blood out of the heart
Pumps blood into arteries
Their job is to squirt out the blood to the body and lungs..

Ventricles

Right Ventricle:
Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation.
Left Ventricle:
Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aorta to the rest of the body.

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Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation.

RIGHT VENTRICLE

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Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aorta to the rest of the body.

LEFT VENTRICLE

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It receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. From there, the blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

RIGHT ATRIUM

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receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. It then pumps this blood into the left ventricle, which is responsible for pumping the blood out to the rest of the body.

LEFT ATRIUM

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Contains cells that stimulate contractions; sends electrical pulses to ventricles from right atrium.
the lowest, pointed tip of the heart, located on the left side of the chest

APEX

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let blood flow from the atria to the ventricles.

Mitral Valve & Tricuspid Valve

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control the flow of blood as it leaves the heart.

Aortic Valve & Pulmonary Valve -

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3 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

ARTERIES
VEINS
CAPILLARIES

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carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart

ARTERIES

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blood vessels that **carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart** from the body's tissues.

VEINS

are the smallest blood vessels, forming a network that **connects** arteries and veins

CAPILLARIES

**PERCENTAGE** AMOUNT OF BLOOD IN **ARTERIES, VEINS, AND CAPILLARIES**

1. ARTERIES- **30%** 2. VEINS- **65%** 3. CAPILLARIES- **5%**

These are responsible for **transporting oxygen to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide**. They contain **hemoglobin**, a protein that binds to oxygen.

**RED BLOOD CELL** (Erthryocytes)

This **liquid component carries nutrients, hormones, waste products, and electrolytes**. It also contains various proteins, including albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen, which play roles in maintaining fluid balance, transporting substances, and clotting.

PLASMA (55%)

This loop transports **deoxygenated blood** from the **right ventricle of the heart to the lungs** where it picks up oxygen and **releases carbon dioxide**. The oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium of the heart.

**Pulmonary** Circulation

This loop delivers **oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to all other parts of the body**, supplying tissues and organs with oxygen and nutrients. Deoxygenated blood then returns to the right atrium of the heart via the vena cava.

**Systematic** Circulation

These cells are crucial for the **immune system, helping to defend the body against infections and diseases**.

**WHITE BLOOD CELL** (Leukocytes)

These cell fragments play a **vital role in blood clotting**, helping to **stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. **

**Platelets** (Thrombocytes)

the part of the **cardiac cycle when the heart's chambers contract** and pump blood out into the arteries

Systole

cardiac cycle when the **heart muscle relaxes** and the chambers (atria and ventricles) are filling with blood.

Diastole

**Normal values** of systolic/diastolic

**120/80** mm Hg.

the **force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries** as it travels throughout your body, measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

BLOOD PRESSURE

a condition where the force of your blood against your artery walls is consistently **too high**. It's a **silent killer** because it often has no noticeable symptoms, but can lead to serious health problems if left untreated.

**Hypertension** (high blood pressure) | above **130/80 mmHg**.

**thickening or hardening of the arteries**. It is caused by a **buildup of plaque** in the inner lining of an artery. Plaque is made up of deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin.

Atherosclerosis

Also known as a **myocardial infarction**, occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is suddenly **blocked,** causing it to be deprived of oxygen and potentially die

HEART ATTACK

**UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT**

* **Nose**: The primary **entry point for air**, where it is filtered, warmed, and humidified. * **Pharynx (throat):** A c**ommon passageway for air and food,** connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus. * **Larynx (voice box)**: Contains the **vocal cords** and helps regulate airflow into the trachea.

**Organs in the respiratory system**

1. **lungs** 2. **trachea** 3. **bronchi** 4. **bronchioles** 5. **alveoli** 6. **pharynx** 7. **larynx** 8. **diaphragm** 9. **nasal cavity.** ## Footnote These organs work together to facilitate gas exchange, enabling oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to be expelled.

a vital biological system responsible for gas **exchange, primarily taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide**. It involves several organs and structures working together, including the lungs, airways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles), and breathing muscles (diaphragm and intercostal muscles).

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A c**ommon passageway for air and food,** connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus.

PARYNX (THROAT)

Two main branches of the trachea that **deliver air to the lungs**.

**Bronchi**

**LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT**

* **Trachea (windpipe)**: A **tube that carries air** from the larynx to the bronchi. * **Bronchi:** Two main branches of the trachea that **deliver air to the lungs**. * **Bronchioles:** **Smaller branches** of the bronchi, leading to the alveoli. * **Alveoli**: **Tiny air sacs** where **gas exchange** (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs. * **Lungs**: The **primary organs where gas exchange takes place**, located within the chest cavity * **Diaphragm**: A muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen and plays a crucial role in **breathing.**

A **tube that carries air** from the larynx to the bronchi.

**Trachea (windpipe)**

**Smaller branches** of the bronchi, leading to the alveoli.

**Bronchioles**

**Tiny air sacs** where **gas exchange** (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs.

**Alveoli**

The **primary organs where gas exchange takes place**, located within the chest cavity

**Lungs**

A muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen and plays a crucial role in **breathing.**

**Diaphragm**

The **largest piece of cartilage in the larynx** is called the

"**Adam's apple**". or thyroid cartilage.

A **third cartilage** is called the ____ . It is a **leaf-shaped "lid"** at the entry to the larynx. The function of it is to **seal of the respiratory tract when food or liquids pass** into the esophagus.

epiglottis

is the process of bringing air **INTO the lungs.** 1) The **ribs move up and out** 2) The **diaphragm moves down.** 3) The **intercostal muscles contract**

INHALATION

Under resting conditions and during a normal breath, about ____ of **air enter and leave the lungs**. This air volume is called resting tidal volume.

500 milliliters

The process of **removing air FROM** the lung. 1) The **ribs move down and in.** 2) The **diaphragm moves up** 3) The **intercostal muscles relax.**

Exhalation

is any **pathological condition affecting the organs and tissues involved in gas exchange,** including the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. These conditions can impair breathing, oxygen intake, and carbon dioxide elimination.

RESPIRATORY DISEASE

a chronic condition where the **airways become inflamed and narrow, causing wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.**

ASTHMA

infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may **fill with fluid** or pus.

PNEUMONIA ## Footnote I. **Lobar Pneumonia** -This is pneumonia that affects a **lobe of a lung.** II. **Bronchial Pneumonia** -This pneumonia that affects patches throughout **both lungs.**

a group of lung diseases (mainly **emphysema and chronic bronchitis**) that **block airflow and make it difficult to breathe**, often linked to smoking.

**Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease** (COPD)

a type of **cancer** that begins in the lungs, often associated with smoking, but it can also occur in non-smokers.

Lung cancer ## Footnote **Carcinoma** is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that form the lining of the body's internal organs and the skin

a condition where **lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred**, making it hard for lungs to work properly.

**Pulmonary Fibrosis**

The **swelling and scarring of alveoli** in the lung resulting in loss of elasticity (cannot inflate and deflate) of the alveoli.

Emphysema

* A condition where the **bronchioles become inflamed and filled with mucus** resulting in a reduction of airflow into the lungs. * It can be **caused by smoking or infected from sickness**, such as the cold or flu. * It is treated by antibiotics.

**Bronchitis**

**Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported to and from the lungs by slightly different mechanisms.** At the alveoli, oxygen in the air is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood. The driving force behind this exchange is a passive process called diffusion.

**GAS EXCHANGE**

CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

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