INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
- Body’s outer covering, which serves several important function. It includes skin, hair, nails and glands (sweat glands and sebaceous glands)
- acts as the body’s protective outer layer and regulates various bodily functions
A
Integumentary system
2
Q
FUNCTION OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The skin acts as a barrier protecting the body from microbes and other external harm
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PROTECTION
2
Q
FUNCTION OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Helps regulates body temperature by controlling sweat production and blood flow to the skin
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TEMPERATURE REGULATION
3
Q
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
A
Protection:
* Physical barrier: The skin acts as a barrier against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens, preventing their entry into the body.
* Protection from injury: The skin and underlying tissues shield internal organs from physical trauma.
* Protection from UV radiation: Melanin in the skin absorbs harmful UV rays from the sun, minimizing damage to underlying tissues.
* Prevention of dehydration: The skin’s outer layer, the epidermis, prevents water loss from the body.
Sensory reception:
* Nerve endings: The skin contains numerous nerve endings that detect stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure.
Excretion of waste:
* Sweat: Sweat glands excrete salts, water, and some metabolic waste products.
- Storage of fat and water: The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) stores fat for energy and insulation.
- Support for the immune system: The skin contains immune cells that help defend against pathogens.
3
Q
FUNCTION OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin produces vitamin D when expose to sunlight
A
VITAMIN PRODUCTION
4
Q
FUNCTION OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Allows us to perceive touch, pressure, temperature, and pain through specialized nerve endings in the skin
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SENSORY FUNCTION
5
Q
specialized cells that detect changes in the environment, converting them into electrical signals for the nervous system to process.
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Sensory receptors
5
Q
These receptors are connected to nerve endings that transmit signals to the brain, allowing us to perceive sensations.
are specialized structures at the tips of nerve cells, called neurons, that facilitate communication between the nervous system and other parts of the body
A
NERVE ENDINGS
6
Q
- Also known as Pilus or Pili (plural of Pilus)
- a protein filament that grows from follicles in the dermis and is a defining characteristic of mammals.
- It’s made of dead, keratinized cells and is anchored in the follicle, with the visible part being the shaft.
- It provides insulation, protection from the sun, and helps with sensing light touch.
A
HAIR
6
Q
- Are slowly adapting, encapsulated mechanoreceptors that detect skin stretch, joint activity, and warmth.
- They are located deep in the skin, ligaments, and tendons.
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Ruffini endings
6
Q
located in the skin and internal organs, primarily responsible for detecting pressure and vibration
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Pacinian corpuscles
6
Q
cells located in the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, and are essential for light touch sensation. It detect light touch and fine details
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MERKEL CELLS
6
Q
primarily found in glabrous (hairless) skin, that detect light touch, low-frequency vibrations, and the slip between an object and the skin.
Detect light touch and changes in texture
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MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLES
7
Q
A tubelike pocket in the skin where hair originates. It contains the hair root, which is where the hair grows from.
A
Hair Follicle
8
Q
Hair covers most of the body except:
A
- Palms
- Soles
- Finger
- Toes
- Lips
- Nipples
8
Q
Number of average hair in person’s scalp
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100,000
8
Q
- The part of the hair embedded in the follicle
- It’s anchored in the hair follicle and is where hair growth begins.
A
HAIR ROOT
9
Q
- The visible part of the hair above the skin
- made up of three layers: Cuticle, Cortex, Medulla
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HAIR SHAFT
10
Q
- the base of a hair follicle, located beneath the skin, where hair growth originates
- contains your growing hair cells
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HAIR BULB
10
Q
- A bud of vascular connective tissue encased by bulb. The only source of nutrition for hair
- responsible for regulating hair growth, and it contains blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the hair follicle.
A
Dermal Papilla
11
Q
Stages of Hair Cycle
ACTE
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- Anagen
- Catagen
- Telogen
- Exogen
11
Q
- a crucial part of the hair follicle, located above the dermal papilla, where hair cells divide and differentiate to produce the hair shaft and internal root sheath.
- Hair’s growth center
A
Hair matrix
12
Q
a short, transitional stage in the hair growth cycle, occurring after the anagen (growth) phase and before the telogen (resting) phase.
During this phase, hair growth slows and stops, the hair follicle shrinks, and the hair detaches from the base of the follicle, eventually becoming a “club hair”.
A
CATAGEN PHASE (TRANSITIONAL)
12
Q
- (Growth phase) Hair begins to grow from the root, it last between 3 to 7 years
- active growth phase of hair, where the hair follicle pushes out a new hair shaft. It’s the longest phase in the hair growth cycle
- During this phase, the hair follicle is actively producing new hair cells, leading to hair growth.
A
ANAGEN PHASE (GROWTH)
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* the **shedding or falling out stage** of the hair growth cycle. It's considered the **final stage** of the cycle, where hair is naturally released from the follicle.
* typical loss of **50-100 strands per day**. This shedding is a natural process as new hair growth begins in the follicles.
**EXOGEN PHASE** (SHEDDING)
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is a stage in the hair growth cycle where the hair follicle is dormant and **hair growth is not occurring.**
During this phase, the **hair strand remains in the follicle, but it is not actively growing,** and the hair follicle is in a **resting state.**
**TELOGEN PHASE** (RESTING)
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* accessory structures of the skin, specifically the integumentary system.
* They are **composed primarily of keratinized cells** and dead cells, forming a **protective plate** at the tips of fingers and toes
NAILS
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FUNCTION OF NAILS
* Provide counterforce to enhance the **sensitivity**, for **manipulation of objects**
* primarily acting as **protective** structures for the fingertips and toes
* They also **enhance tactile sensation,** improve precision in movements
* The **color, texture, and appearance of nails** can **provide clues about a person's overall health.**
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# **Part of hair shaft**
This layer is the **main body of the hair shaft** and contains keratin, a protein that gives hair its strength and flexibility. It also contains melanin, which determines hair color.
Cortex
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Part of hair shaft
The **outermost layer** is composed of overlapping, scale-like cells that protect the inner layers. It's a thin, hard layer that helps to maintain the hair's smoothness and shine.
Cuticle
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The **central core** **of the hair shaft** is only present in thicker hairs like eyebrows and eyelashes. It's a less organized layer compared to the other two
Medulla
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**PARTS OF THE NAILS**
1. **Nail Plate**: **Hard part** of the nail
a. **Free edge** - **overhangs** the fingertip
b. **Nail body** - **visible** attached part of nail
c. **Nail root** - **under** overlying **skin**
2. **Nail fold**: Surrounding skin rising above the nails. **Skin** that surrounds and protects the nail plate.
3. **Nail groove**: seperates nail fold from nail plate. **Slits or channels** on the sides of the nail plate where the nail grows
4. **Nail bed**: **skin underlying** the **nail plate**. Soft tissue directly **underneath the nail plate,** providing support and attachment for the nail
5. **Nail matrix**: **growth zone** (nail grow about 1mm per weeks in fingernails, but slightly slower in toenails). Area at the base of a fingernail or toenail where **new nail cells are produced**, forming the nail plate
6. **Lunule**: **white crescent** at proximal end of nail.
7. **Eponychium**: or cuticle, **narrow zone of dead skin** changing the proximal end of nail.a thickened layer of skin located at the base of the fingernails and toenails, forming the cuticle
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The **hard, visible** portion of the nail, extending from the root to the free edge, **composed of tightly packed keratinized cells.** It's a translucent structure, primarily made of keratin, a protein also found in hair and skin.
NAIL PLATE
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or cuticle, **narrow zone of dead skin** changing the proximal end of nail.a thickened layer of skin located at the base of the fingernails and toenails, forming the cuticle
EPONYCHIUM
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**Surrounding skin** rising above the nails. **Skin** that surrounds and protects the nail plate.
NAIL FOLD
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seperates nail fold from nail plate. **Slits or channels** on the sides of the nail plate where the nail grows
NAIL GROOVE
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**white crescent** at proximal end of nail.
LUNULE
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**skin underlying** the **nail plate**. Soft tissue directly **underneath the nail plate,** providing support and attachment for the nail
NAIL BED
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**growth zone** (nail grow about 1mm per weeks in fingernails, but slightly slower in toenails). Area at the base of a fingernail or toenail where **new nail cells are produced**, forming the nail plate
NAIL MATRIX
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also known as **skin glands**, are **exocrine glands within the skin that produce and secrete substances** like **sweat, oil, and earwax.**
They are categorized into **sudoriferous** (sweat) and **sebaceous** (oil) glands, with **eccrine and apocrine** glands being the two main types of sweat glands.
CUTANEOUS GLANDS
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**Regulates body temperature** by releasing
sweat to cool the body and help eliminates toxins and waste
from the body.
SUDORIFEROUS GLAND
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**TWO TYPES OF SWEAT GLANDS**
1. **merocrine glands** - function in **evaporative cooling** that is
widely distributed over the body surface.
**Also known as eccrine glands**, are the most common type of sweat glands in humans. They are responsible for producing the **watery sweat that helps regulate body temperature.** These glands release their secretions via **exocytosis**, a process where the cell membrane does not break down, and the cell remains intact.
2. **apocrine glands** - function as **scent glands** found in the regions where hair grows, open by ducts in hair follicles.
These glands are **located in various areas like the armpits, genital regions, and around the nipples.**
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function in **evaporative cooling** that is widely distributed over the body surface.
**Also known as eccrine glands**, are the most common type of sweat glands in humans. They are responsible for producing the **watery sweat that helps regulate body temperature.** These glands release their secretions via **exocytosis**, a process where the cell membrane does not break down, and the cell remains intact.
MEROCRINE GLANDS
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function as **scent glands** found in the regions where hair grows, open by ducts in hair follicles.
These glands are **located in various areas like the armpits, genital regions, and around the nipples.**
APOCRINE GLANDS
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**oil glands** associated with hair follicles; **produces sebum** that keeps skin and hair from becoming dry
and brittle.
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
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coiled, tubular gland in the **external ear canal**; makes guard hairs of ear sticky to help block foreign particles from entering the auditory canal, contributed to the **cerumen** (**earwax**)
CERUMINOUS GLANDS
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**milk producing glands** located in the breast
that develop only during pregnancy. (polythelia: additional
nipples along the milk line)
MAMMARY GLAND
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Body's **largest and heaviest organ**. It covers **1.5 to 2.0 m²**, composed of **15%** of boldy weight
It **protects** the body from external factors such as bacteria, chemicals, and temperature.
SKIN
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**covers rest of the body**
THIN SKIN
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**Skin thickness ranges** from:
0.5 to 6 mm
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covers **front of hands, bottoms of feet**
THICK SKIN
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**Goosebumps** are caused by the **contraction of this muscle**
response to cold and intense emotions.
**Arrector pili muscles**
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the **primary cells of the epidermis**, the **outermost layer** of skin. They are responsible for **producing keratin**, a protein that gives the skin its strength and structure. It also play a role in **wound healing and immune function.**
KERATINOCYTES
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The **outermost layer**, primarily composed of dead, flattened cells called keratinocytes. It acts as a **barrier** against the external environment, protecting against pathogens, UV radiation, and moisture loss
– Keratinized **stratified squamous epithelium**
– Includes dead cells at skin surface packed with tough
keratin protein
– **Lacks blood vessels**
* Depends on the diffusion of nutrients from underlying
connective tissue
– **Contains sparse nerve endings** for touch and pain
EPIDERMIS
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* Undifferentiated cells that give rise to **keratinocytes**
* In **deepest layer of epidermis** (**stratum basale**)
STEM CELLS
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* Synthesize **pigment melanin** that shields DNA from
ultraviolet radiation
* Occur only in stratum basale but have branched processes
that spread among keratinocytes and **distribute melanin**
MELANOCYTES
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* skin that are essential for **detecting light touch and fine details.**
* **Touch receptor** cells associated with dermal **nerve fibers**
TACTILE CELLS
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* type of **immune cell** that act as sentinels, capturing and presenting **antigens to other immune cells**, primarily T cells, to **initiate and regulate immune responses.**
* Macrophages originating in **bone marrow** that guard
against pathogens
* Found in **stratum spinosum and granulosum**
DENDRITIC CELLS
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**LAYERS** OF EPIDERMIS
1. Stratum **corneum** (surface layer)
2. Stratum **lucidum**
3. Stratum **granulosum**
4. Stratum **spinosum**
5. Stratum **basale** (deepest epidermal layer)
| CL GSB
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5 EPIDERMAL **CELL TYPES**
1. **STEM** **CELLS**
2. **KERATINOCYTES**
3. **MELANOCYTES**
4. **TACTILE CELLS**
5. **DENDRITIC CELLS**
| SK MTD
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This is the **outermost layer**, a **barrier against infection and dehydration**. It's composed of dead, keratinized cells that are constantly shed and replaced by new cells from the underlying layers.
– Several layers (up to **30**) of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
– Resists abrasion, penetration, water loss
STRATUM CORNEUM
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This layer is only **present in thick skin**, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It's a thin, transparent layer of cells that appears to be less dense than the stratum corneum.
* Thin, pale layer found only in thick skin
* **Keratinocytes packed** with clear protein eleidin
STRATUM LUCIDUM
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In this layer, **cells start to produce keratin**, a tough protein that helps protect the skin. The cells also contain granules, which are visible under a microscope.
* **Three to five layers** of flat keratinocytes
* Cells contain **dark-staining keratohyalin granules**
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
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Located above the stratum basale, this layer is characterized by cells that have a **spiny appearance due to desmosomes**, which help **connect the cells** and **provide strength and flexibility to the skin.**
STRATUM SPINOSUM
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the **middle layer of skin**, sandwiched between the epidermis and the subcutaneous tissue. It's a **thick, fibrous** layer composed of **connective tissue**, including **collagen and elastin**, that provides strength, flexibility, and support to the skin. The also contains various structures like **blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.**
* **Thickness:** Ranges from **0.2 mm** (eyelids)
to **4 mm** (palms and soles)
* its **appearance is like wave**
DERMIS
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This is the **deepest layer,** also known as the **stratum germinativum**, and is where new skin cells are produced. It's composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal keratinocytes.
– A single layer of **stem cells and keratinocytes** resting on the
* Stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes that
migrate toward skin surface to replace lost cells
– Also **contains a few melanocytes and tactile cells**
STRATUM BASALE
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FUNCTION OF **DERMIS**
* **Supports and protect** the skin
* Contains **nerve endings for sensation.**
* Helps with **facial expressions** (muscle
attachment).
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also known as the **subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia**, is the **deepest layer** of skin located beneath the dermis. It primarily functions to **connect the skin to underlying tissues like muscle and bone**, while also providing **fat storage** for energy, **insulation**, and **cushioning.**
HYPODERMIS
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# LAYERS OF DERMIS
- **supplies nutrients** to the epidermis
- **regulates skin temperature**
- Made of **loose tissue** for flexibility.
**PAPILLARY** LAYER (UPPER LAYER)
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- provides **skin strength, elasticity and structural** support
- **housing hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands**
- **thicker layer** that makes up most of the skin
- Characterized by a **network of collagen** and **elastin fibers** that support the skin and allow for movement.
**RETICULAR** LAYER (DEEPER AND THICKER LAYER)
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COMMON **SKIN DISORDERS**
1. **Acne**- a skin condition that occurs when your **hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells.** It causes **whiteheads, blackheads or pimples**. It is most common among teenagers, though it affects people of all ages.
2. **Eczema**-A group of conditions in which the **skin becomes inflamed, forms blisters, and becomes crusty, thick, and scaly.** It causes **burning and itching**, and may occur over a long period of time. **Atopic dermatitis** is the most common type of eczema.
3. **Psoriasis**- a chronic (long-lasting) disease in which the immune system becomes overactive, causing skin cells to multiply too quickly. **Patches of skin become scaly and inflamed,** most often on the **scalp, elbows, or knees,** but other parts of the body can be affected as well.
4. **Dermatitis**- a **general term** for conditions that cause inflammation of the skin
| AEPD
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leading cause of accidental death (Fires,
kitchen spills, sunlight, ionizing radiation, strong
acids or bases,or electrical shock)
Deaths result primarily from fluid loss,
infection, and toxic effects of eschar (burned,
dead tissue)
BURNS
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Burns that (involves only **epidermis**)
-**Redness, slight edema, pain, Heals in days**
FIRST DEGREE BURN
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BURNS
Classified according to the **Depth of tissue**
involvements :
* **First degree** burn ( involves only epidermis)
* **Second Degree** burn ( involves part of dermis)
* **Third Degree** burn ( involves all of dermis, and
often some deeper tissues)
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(involves part of **dermis**)
- appear **red, tan, or white**; **blistered** and **painful two weeks or months to heal** may **leave scar**
SECOND DEGREE BURN
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burn that (involves **all dermis**)
- Often requires **skin grafts, needs fluid replacement,
infection control, supplemental nutrition**
THIRD DEGREE BURN
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**Protein** that provides **waterproofing and protection** in the skin
KERATIN
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The process by which **cells harden and die** as they move upward in the skin
keratinization
