Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

What do insects have in place of blood?

Answer 1

Hemolymph, which bathes their organs rather than traveling in blood vessels.

Question 2

Plasma

Answer 2

Liquid portion of blood, mostly water, but containing dissolved glucose, hormones, and proteins, 50% of blood.

Question 3

Red blood cells

Answer 3

1. Make up the majority of blood cells, 45% of blood

2. Shaped like disks and filled with hemoglobin, allowing them to transport oxygen.

Question 4

Hemoglobin

Answer 4

Protein that is made partly of iron and used to transport oxygen. Need sufficient iron to get enough oxygen, or anemia results.

Question 5

White blood cells

Answer 5

1. Fight disease, 5% of blood

2. Phagocytes and lymphocytes (B and T cells).

Question 6

Phagocytes

Answer 6

Eat pathogens and dead or sick cells.

Question 7

B cells

Answer 7

Make antibodies

Question 8

Antibodies

Answer 8

Markers that bind to foreign things and mark them for destruction.

Question 9

T cells

Answer 9

1. Helper T cells help B cells and other T cells to divide and proliferate.
2. Killer T cells kill any cell infected by a virus to stop them from reproducing.

Question 10

How does HIV work?

Answer 10

Infects helper T cells, killing them. T cells help B and T cells to reproduce, so they aren’t able to fight infections and many infections result.

Question 11

Platelets

Answer 11

1. Help blood to clot

2. Help to convert protein fibrinogen into threads (fibrin)

Question 12

Where are all blood cells made?

Answer 12

The bone marrow

Question 13

What determines blood type?

Answer 13

Blood type is genetic and determined by membrane proteins that sit on surface of white blood cells. Type Ia is type A protein, Ib is type B protein, ii is no protein.

Question 14

What happens during blood transfusions if a person’s body doesn’t recognize the blood type?

Answer 14

The new red blood cells will clump up (agglutination) and be destroyed.

Question 15

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

Answer 15

Type AB- it recognizes type A and type B proteins, and type O has no proteins.

Question 16

Which blood type is the universal donor?

Answer 16

Type O- it can only receive type O, but anyone can receive it because it has no proteins.

Question 17

Arteries

Answer 17

1. Carry blood away from the heart
2. Thick, muscular walls that regulate diameter to regulate blood flow
3. High blood pressure due to push from heart
4. Branch into arterioles, then capillaries

Question 18

Capillaries

Answer 18

1. Smallest blood volume
2. Site of gas exchange between blood and tissues
3. Very low blood flow and blood pressure
4. Merge into venules, which merge into veins

Question 19

Veins

Answer 19

1. Carry blood to the heart
2. Low blood pressure, so skeletal muscles contract to squeeze blood
3. Don’t regulate blood flow
4. Valves ensure that blood only moves in one direction.

Question 20

Aorta

Answer 20

Large artery moving blood away from the heart

Question 21

Vena Cava

Answer 21

Large vein moving blood toward the heart.

Question 22

How does fluid move into tissues?

Answer 22

Arteries force fluid into tissues, which is mostly lost as not all of it returns to veins.

Question 23

Lymphatic System

Answer 23

Network of vessels that begins at tissues and ends at veins. Recaptures extra fluid, filters it, and returns it to th blood.

Question 24

Lymph nodes

Answer 24

Concentrated areas of white blood cells that filters fluid and can destroy anything harmful.

Question 25

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 25

Similar to veins, with low pressure, valves, and skeletal muscle squeezes fluid (lymph).

Question 26

Edema

Answer 26

Swelling due to trapped tissue fluid. Remaining in one position can limit muscle contraction and therefore restrict flow of fluid.

Question 27

Chambers of the heart

Answer 27

1. Right atria, right ventricle, left atria, left ventricle 2. The right side pumps blood through pulmonary circuit, left through systemic circuit 3. Blood enters through atria

Question 28

Blood pathway through the heart

Answer 28

1. Pulmonary circuit takes oxygen poor blood returning from the tissues and pumps it into the lungs. 2. Oxygen poor blood enters at the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava, going from right atrium to the right ventricle. 3. Goes from right ventricle through pulmonary artery to the lungs. 4. At the lungs, gas exchange occurs. 5. Blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins and goes to the left ventricle 6. Leaves the heart through the aorta to bring blood to the rest of the body.

Question 29

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 29

The valves between the atria and ventricles. These valves close first. Tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral.

Question 30

Semilunar valves

Answer 30

Between the ventricles and the arteries. Pulmonary and aortic.

Question 31

Systole

Answer 31

When the heart contracts.

Question 32

Diastole

Answer 32

When the heart relaxes.

Question 33

The Conduction Zone

Answer 33

1. Parts of the respiratory system designed for ventilation only. 2. Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 34

Nose

Answer 34

Air is warmed, filtered, and humidified.

Question 35

Trachea

Answer 35

1. Branches into bronchi and bronchioles | 2. Trachea and bronchial tubes are lined with cells with cilia that secrete mucus to trap dirt and move it upward.

Question 36

Alveoli

Answer 36

Thin walled bubbles of tissue contained in small bronchioles.

Question 37

How does gas exchange occur?

Answer 37

1. Alveoli clusters are surrounded by capillaries, allowing for gas exchange. 2. Occurs by passive diffusion, as both gases are lipid soluble and move down concentration gradient. 3. Carbon dioxide and water are waste products of respiration and are released when we exhale.

Question 38

What is the range for blood pH?

Answer 38

7.35-7.45. Must remain constant.

Question 39

What does too much carbon dioxide do to blood?

Answer 39

Makes the blood acidic. CO2 is hydrophobic and can't dissolve in plasma, so it's converted to carbonic acid and bicarbonate, which are hydrophilic.

Question 40

What happens if the blood gets too acidic?

Answer 40

Respiratory rate speeds up to get rid of the extra carbon dioxide. If the body is too alkaline, rate will decrease. Medulla oblongata adjusts respiratory rate based on CO2 levels.

Question 41

Inspiration

Answer 41

Chest cavity increases in volume, decreasing air pressure, letting air go into lungs.

Question 42

Expiration

Answer 42

Diaphragm relaxes, reducing volume and forcing air out.

Question 43

How do we breathe?

Answer 43

1. Muscles in the chest wall expand and contract the lungs. 2. The diaphragm curves under the lungs when relaxed and flattens out when it contracts, increasing the size of the chest cavity. 3. For forced expiration, abdominal muscles contract.