Circulatory & Respiratory Systems

Question 1

heart

Answer 1

• right side pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation (towards lungs)
• left side pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation (thru body)

Question 2

atria

Answer 2

-thin-walled upper chambers

Question 3

ventricles

Answer 3

-muscular lower chambers

Question 4

valves

Answer 4

• atrioventricular valve: b/w atria and ventricles, prevent back flow
• tricuspid valve: right side, 3 cusps
• mitral valve: left side, 2 cusps
• semilunar valve: b/w left ventricle and aorta & right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Question 5

heart beat

Answer 5

made up of 2 phases, systole and diastole

Question 6

systole

Answer 6

ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart into the lungs

Question 7

diastole

Answer 7

cardiac muscle relaxation, during which blood drains into all 4 chambers

Question 8

cardiac output

Answer 8

• total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute
• heart rate x stroke volume (vol of blood pumped out of left ventricle per contraction)

Question 9

sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

Answer 9

• small mass of tissue in the right atrium

- spreads impulses thru atria, stimulating them to contract simultaneously

Question 10

atrioventricular node

Answer 10

-slowly conducts impulses to the rest of the heart

Question 11

bundle of His (AV bundle)

Answer 11

-after AV node impulse travels here then thru left and right bundle branches

Question 12

Purkinje fibers

Answer 12

-after AV bundle impulses travel thru these in the walls of the ventricles and generates a strong contraction

Question 13

ANS modifies the:

Answer 13

rate of heart contraction

Question 14

arteries

Answer 14

thick-walled, muscular elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart, except the pulmonary artery (transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to lungs)

Question 15

veins

Answer 15

• relatively thin-walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood to the heart, except pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood from lungs to heart)
• have valves to prevent back flow

Question 16

capillaries

Answer 16

-smallest diameter of the 3 vessels, RBC travel thru in single file line

Question 17

lymph vessels

Answer 17

transport excess interstitial fluid (lymph) to the cardiovascular system

Question 18

lacteals

Answer 18

smallest lymph vessels, collect fats (chylomicrons) from the villi and deliver them to blood, bypassing the liver

Question 19

plasma

Answer 19

• liquid portion of blood

- mix of nutrients, salts, gases, wastes, hormones, and blood proteins

Question 20

leukocytes

Answer 20

WBCs, protective functions

Question 21

platelets

Answer 21

cell fragments that lack nuclei, involved in clot formation

Question 22

erythrocytes

Answer 22

• RBCs, oxygen-carrying component of blood
• formed from stem cells in bone marrow
• disk-like shape that increases surface area for gas exchange and greater flexibility
• contains hemoglobin which binds oxygen (oxyhemoglobin)

Question 23

2 groups of RBC antigens

Answer 23

ABO group and Rh factor

Question 24

type AB

Answer 24

“universal recipient”, no antibodies so it won’t reject

Question 25

type O

Answer 25

"universal donor", no antigens so it will not elect a response form the recipients immune system

Question 26

Rh factor

Answer 26

-important during pregnancy

Question 27

transport of gases

Answer 27

- erythrocytes transport O2 (hemoglobin binds to O2) | - Hb also binds to CO2

Question 28

transport of nutrients and waste

Answer 28

- AA and simple sugars are absorbed at intestinal capillaries and transported thru the body - waste products diffuse into capillaries

Question 29

platelet plug

Answer 29

-aggregation of platelets

Question 30

thromboplastin

Answer 30

-clotting factor that converts plasma protein (prothrombin) to its active form (thrombin)

Question 31

thrombin

Answer 31

converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which coats the damaged area and traps blood cells to form a clot

Question 32

serum

Answer 32

fluid left after blood clotting

Question 33

clotting cascade

Answer 33

complex series of reactions leading to clotting

Question 34

respiratory system

Answer 34

air enters the lungs after traveling thru a series of respiratory airways (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli)

Question 35

alveoli

Answer 35

air-filled sacs at the terminals of airway branches where gas exchange b/w lungs and circulatory system occur

Question 36

ventilation

Answer 36

-process by which air is inhaled and exhaled

Question 37

inhalation

Answer 37

- diaphragm contracts and flattens, and intercostal muscles contract pushing the rib cage and chest wall up and out - thoracic cavity increases in volume and lungs explained and fill with air

Question 38

exhalation

Answer 38

-diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreases in thoracic volume forces air out of the alveoli and lungs deflate

Question 39

surfactant

Answer 39

- protein complex excreted by cells in the lungs | - keeps lungs from collapsing

Question 40

respiratory centers

Answer 40

-regulates ventilation, located in the medulla oblongata, which stimulates intercostal muscles or diaphragm to contract

Question 41

chemoreceptors

Answer 41

-regulate oxygen-blood levels, indirectly stimulate the respiratory center

Question 42

pulmonary capillaries

Answer 42

-surround the alveoli, gas exchange occurs by diffusion across these (from high pp to low pp)

Question 43

total lung capacity

Answer 43

-max volume of air the lungs can hold

Question 44

tidal volume

Answer 44

at rest, humans only breathe as much as needed, smaller capacity than total lung capacity

Question 45

vital capacity

Answer 45

max amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after the deepest breath

Question 46

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 46

difference b/w vital capacity and the upper limit of tidal volume

Question 47

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 47

difference b/w vital capacity and lower limit of tidal volume

Question 48

residual volume

Answer 48

lungs will never normally empty completely (difference b/w vital capacity and total lung capacity)