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PCAT > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A
  • receive and respond to stimuli from their internal/external environments
  • composed of neurons and neuroglia
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2
Q

neuron

A
  • specialized nervous tissue used to convert stimuli into electrochemical signals
  • dendrites, cell body, and axons
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3
Q

cells in the CNS

A

-astrocyctes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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4
Q

astrocytes

A

-maintain the integrity of the BBB, regulate nutrient and dissolved gas concentrations, and absorb/recycle neurotransmitters

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5
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate CNS axons and provide structural framework

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6
Q

microglia

A

remove cellular debris and pathogens

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7
Q

ependymal cells

A

-line brain ventricles and aid in production of CSF

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8
Q

satellite cells

A

surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia

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9
Q

Schwann cells

A

enclose the axons in the PNS and myelinated some peripheral axons

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10
Q

Schwann cells

A

enclose the axons in the PNS and myelinated some peripheral axons

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11
Q

resting potential

A

-even at rest, a neuron is polarized due to unequal distribution of ions b/w the inside and outside of the cell, -70mV (inside is more negative than outside)

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12
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A
  • pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ it transports in, causes negative internal environment
  • cell membrane is permeable to K+ allowing some to move back out thru facilitated diffusion, making the inside even more -
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13
Q

action potential

A

-if the cell becomes sufficiently excited and depolarized (less negative) to reach the threshold potential, then voltage-gated channels open in response

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14
Q

an action potential begins when:

A
  • voltage-gated Na+ channels open in response to depolarization
  • Na+ rushes into the cell causing more depolarization
  • action potential moves down the terminal until it reaches the synaptic terminal, where Ca2+ channel is opened and triggers the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
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15
Q

after the signal has been propagated thru a segment of the axon…

A
  • voltage-gated K+ channels open and K+ rushes out of the cell
  • Na+/K+ pump begins to pump Na+ out of the cell
  • repolarization occurs
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16
Q

hyperpolarization

A

voltage shoots past the resting potential and becomes even more negative inside

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17
Q

refectory period

A
  • period of time after an action potential during which new action potentials are difficult to initiate immediately
  • helps ensure the action potential only moves forward
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18
Q

impulse propagation

A
  • occurs in one direction: dendritic to synaptic terminal

- different axons propagate at different speeds; greater the diameter, more it is myelinated, faster the impulse travels

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19
Q

synapse

A

gap b/w the axon terminal of one neuron (presynaptic neuron) and dendrites of another (postsynaptic neuron)

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20
Q

effector cells

A

neurons communicate with postsynaptic cells other than neurons, ex: muscles or glands

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21
Q

curare

A
  • blocks postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, on muscles
  • leads to muscle relaxation and paralysis
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22
Q

botulinum toxin

A
  • prevents release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane
  • results in paralysis
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23
Q

anticholinesterases

A
  • inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme responsible for degrading acetylcholine released in the synapse
  • no coordinated muscle contraction can take place
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24
Q

afferent neurons

A

carry sensory info from environment to spinal cord

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25
Q

efferent neurons

A

carry motor commands from the brain/spinal cord to various parts of the body

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26
Q

interneurons

A

participate only in local circuits, linking sensory and motor neurons

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27
Q

ganglia

A

neuron cell bodies clustered together in the PNS

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28
Q

CNS includes:

A

brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

brain

A

-interpret sensory info, forms motor plans, and thinking

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30
Q

grey matter

A

-outer portion of cell bodies in the brain

31
Q

white matter

A

-inner portion of myelinated axons

32
Q

forebrain (prosencephalon)

A

-consist of telencephalon and diencephalon

33
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • highly convoluted grey matter
  • part of telencephalon
  • important for memory and creative thought
34
Q

diencephalon

A

-thalamus and hypothalamus

35
Q

thalamus

A

-integration center for the spinal cord and cerebral cortex

36
Q

hypothalamus

A

-controls visceral functions such as hunger, thirst, sex drive, blood pressure, temp regulation

37
Q

midbrain

A
  • relay center for visual and auditory impulses

- important in motor control

38
Q

hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

A

-consists of cerebellum, pons, and medulla`

39
Q

cerebellum

A

-helps modulate motor impulses initiated by cerebral cortex; balance, hand-eye coordination, and rapid movements

40
Q

pons

A

-act as a relay center to allow the cortex to communicate with the cerebellum

41
Q

medulla

A

-controls breathing, HR, and gastrointestinal activity

42
Q

spinal cord

A
  • acts as. conduit for sensory info to the brain and motor info from the brain
  • integrates simple motor responses (reflexes)
  • outer white matter (axons), inner grey matter (cell bodies)
43
Q

dorsal horn

A

-where sensory info enters the spinal cord

44
Q

ventral horn

A

-motor info exists the spinal cord

45
Q

PNS includes:

A

nerves and ganglia

46
Q

somatic nervous system

A

innervates skeletal muscles and responsible for voluntary movement

47
Q

autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

A
  • regulates body’s internal environment
  • innervates cardiac and smooth muscle
  • important in BP control, gastrointestinal motility, excretion, reproduction, and respiration
48
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • “fight or flight”
  • increase BP, HR, blood flow; decreases gut motility
  • uses norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter
49
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • “rest and digest”
  • lower HR, increase gut motility
  • acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter
50
Q

vagus nerve

A

-parasympathetic nerve that innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera

51
Q

eye

A

-detects light energy and transmits info to the brain

52
Q

sclera

A

thick, opaque layer that covers the eyeball

53
Q

choroid

A
  • beneath sclera

- supplies retina with blood

54
Q

retina

A

innermost layer of eye, contains photoreceptors that sense light

55
Q

cornea

A

at front of the eye, bends and focuses light rays

56
Q

iris

A

-responds to intensity of light in the surroundings (light makes pupils contract)

57
Q

lens

A

focuses the image onto the retina

58
Q

two main type of photoreceptors:

A
  • cones: high-intensity illumination, sensitive to color

- rods: low-intensity illumination, night vision

59
Q

rhodopsin

A

rod pigments that only absorbs a single wavelength

60
Q

bipolar cells

A

-photoreceptor cells synapse onto this which then synapse onto ganglion cells

61
Q

blind spot

A

point at which the optic nerve exits the eye, no photoreceptors present

62
Q

fovea

A

small area of the retina above the blindspot, densely packed with cones

63
Q

vitreous humor

A

jelly-like material that helps maintain the shape and optical properties

64
Q

aqueous humor

A

watery substance that fills the space b/w the lens and cornea

65
Q

myopia (near sightedness)

A

occurs when the image is focused on the front of the retina

66
Q

hyperopia (farsightedness)

A

occurs when the image is focused behind the retina

67
Q

astigmatism

A

caused by an irregularly shaped cornea

68
Q

cataracts

A

when lens become opaque, light cannot enter the eye

69
Q

glaucoma

A

increase in pressure of the eye b/c of blocking of the outflow of aqueous humor

70
Q

ear

A

tranduces sound energy (pressure waves) into impulses perceived by the brain as sound

71
Q

outer ear

A

-consists of the auricle and the auditory canal

72
Q

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A
  • at the end of the auditory canal

- vibrates at the same frequency as the incoming sound

73
Q

ossicles

A
  • malleus, incus, stapes
  • amplify the stimulus and transmit it thru the oval window
  • vibration stimulates hair cells in the basilar membrane to traduce pressure into action potentials which travel via the cochlear (auditory) nerve
74
Q

inner ear consists of:

A

-cochlea and vestibular apparatus, involved in equilibrium

PCAT (14 decks)

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