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PCAT > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction requires:

A
  • production of functional sex cells (gametes) by adults
  • union of these gametes (fertilization or conjugation) to form a zygote
  • development of the zygote into another adult
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2
Q

gonads

A
  • organ where gametes are produced
  • male: testes (sperm), female: ovaries (oocytes)
  • hermaphrodites: have both functional male and female gonads
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3
Q

gametogenesis

A
  • production of functional sex cells

- spermatogenesis (seminiferous tubules) or oogenesis (ovaries)

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4
Q

internal fertilization

A
  • provides a direct route for sperm to reach the egg cell

- increases change of fertilization success and females produce fewer eggs

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5
Q

male reproductive system

A

-testes are located in an external pouch called the scrotum, which maintains the testes temp at lower than body temp

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6
Q

sperm passes from:

A

testes thru the vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct then to the urethra which passes thru the penis to the outside

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7
Q

testosterone

A
  • produced in testes

- regulates male sex characteristics (facial hair, voice)

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8
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • spermatogonia (diploid cells) differentiate into primary spermatocytes (diploid cells), which undergo the first meiotic division to yield 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
  • second meiotic division produces 4 haploid spermatids, which eventually leads to mature sperm (spermatozoa)
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9
Q

mature sperm

A
  • elongated cell with head, neck, body, and tail

- acrosome: cap-like structure develops over the anterior half of head, contains enzymes to penetrate through ovum

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10
Q

female reproductive system

A
  • ovaries consist of follicles (multilayer sac that contains and protects immature ovum)
  • oviduct (Fallopian tubes): opens into the uterus, the site of fetal development
  • cervix: narrow end of uterus, connects to vaginal canal
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11
Q

oogenesis

A
  • primary oocytes (diploid cells) form by mitosis
  • primary oocyte completes meiosis I yielding 2 daughter cells, a secondary oocyte and a polar body
  • meiosis II occurs when the zona pellucida (inner layer) and the corona radiate (outer layer) of the oocyte are penetrated by a sperm cell, yielding 2 haploid cells, mature ovum and a polar body
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12
Q

female sex hormones

A
  • estrogen: secreted by ovarian follicles and corpus luteum, stimulate development of reproductive tract , sex characteristics, and thicken the endometrium
  • progesterone: secreted by corpus luteum during the luteal phase of mensuration, stimulates development and maintenance of endometrium walls
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13
Q

menstrual cycle

A

-follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, and menstruation

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14
Q

follicular phase

A
  • begins with cessation of the menstrual flow

- FSH from anterior pituitary promote development of the follicle, which secretes estrogen

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15
Q

ovulation

A

-mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum

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16
Q

luteal phase

A

-LH induces the ruptured follicle to develop into the corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone

17
Q

menstruation

A

-if ovum is not fertilized, hormone levels drop and the endometrium sloughs off, giving rise to menstrual flow (menses)

18
Q

fertilization

A
  • occurs in widest portion of Fallopian tube
  • sperm must penetrate thru corona radiata and zona pellucida
  • once in contact with the membrane, sperm forms an acrosomal process which penetrates the membrane and fuses the sperm cell with the ovum, ovum completes meiosis II
19
Q

cortical reaction

A
  • acrosomal reaction triggers this causing calcium ions to be released into the cytoplasm of the ovum
  • initiates a series of reaction that result in formation of the fertilization membrane which prevents multiple fertilizations
20
Q

monozygotic (identical) twins

A

-single zygote splits into 2 embryos

21
Q

dizygotic (fraternal) twins

A

-2 ova are released in one ovarian cycle and fertilized by 2 sperm, develop from 2 distinct zygotes

22
Q

cleavage

A
  • series of rapid mitotic divisions

- results in smaller cells with increasing ratio of nuclei to cytoplasm

23
Q

morula

A

-solid ball of embryonic cells formed from cleavage

24
Q

blastulation

A

morula develops a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel, which becomes a hollow sphere of cells called the blastula (implants into the uterus)

25
Q

gastrulation

A

-embryo is fully implanted and cell migrations transform into a 3-layered structure called a gastrula

26
Q

germ layers of the gastrula

A
  1. ectoderm: integument, lens, retina, nervous system
  2. endoderm: epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder
  3. mesoderm: musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, CT
27
Q

neurulation

A

-regions of the germ layers begin to develop into a rudimentary nervous system

28
Q

notochord

A

rod of mesodermal cells under the dorsal layer of ectoderm, causes ectoderm to form a tube which gives rise to the brain and spinal cord

29
Q

neural crest cells

A

cells at the tip of each neural fold, migrate laterally and give rise to sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and Schwann cells

30
Q

development

A
  1. organogenesis: organs begin to form
  2. growth: organs increase in size
  3. gametogenesis: eggs and sperm develop
31
Q

placenta development

A

-placenta and umbilical cord, supplies O2 and removes CO2

32
Q

amnion

A

-thin, tough membrane containing amniotic fluid (shock absorber)

33
Q

chorion

A
  • surround amnion

- placenta formation begins

34
Q

allantois

A

-connects fetus to the developing placenta

35
Q

yolk sac

A

-site of early development of blood vessels

36
Q

gestation (pregnancy)

A
  • first trimester: organs begin to develop, heart beats, bones begin to form; fetus
  • second: face appears, growths
  • third: growth and brain development
37
Q

labor

A
  • series of strong uterine contraction

- cervix thins, uterus contracts

PCAT (14 decks)

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