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PCAT > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • synthesize and secrete chemical substances called hormones into the circulatory system
  • ex: pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, testes, ovaries, pineal gland, kidneys, gastrointestinal glands, heart, and thymus
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2
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • secrete substances transported by ducts

- ex: gallbladder

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3
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • sit on top of the kidneys

- consist of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

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4
Q

adrenal cortex

A

-adrenocoticotropic (ACTH) stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce adrenocortical steroids or corticosteroids

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5
Q

corticosteriods

A
  • bound to transport proteins called transcortins

- reduce immune system

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6
Q

glucocorticoids (AC)

A
  • cortisol and cortisone
  • raise blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown and gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis
  • anti-inflammatory effects
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7
Q

mineralocorticoids (AC)

A
  • aldosterone: active reabsorption of Na and passive reabsorption of water in the nephron, increasing blood volume and pressure
  • regulate plasma levels of Na and K and total extracellular water volume
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8
Q

cortical sex hormones (AC)

A
  • androgens (male sex hormones)
  • testes in men
  • in women, overproduction can cause masculinity
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9
Q

adrenal medulla

A

-produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, both with belong to catecholamine (AA derived compounds)

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10
Q

epinephrine

A
  • increases conversion of glycogen to glucose, causing increase in blood glucose levels and increase in basal metabolic rate
  • increase heartbeat and constrict blood vessels
  • “fight or flight”
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11
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • hangs below the hypothalamus and is connected to it by a cord known as the infundibulum
  • pituitary (hypophysis) is a small, trilled gland at the base of the brain
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12
Q

anterior pituitary

A

-synthesizes direct hormone and tropic hormones (stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones)

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13
Q

direct hormones include

A
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
  • endorphins
  • melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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14
Q

GH (somatotropin)

A
  • promotes muscle and bone growth
  • deficiency can lead to dwarfism, overproduction to gigantism
  • overproduction in adults leads to acromegaly (disproportionate growth of bones)
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15
Q

prolactin

A

-stimulates milk production

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16
Q

endorphins

A

neurotransmitters with pain-relieving properties

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17
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

-releases melanin

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18
Q

tropic hormones include

A
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • luteinizing hormone
  • follicle-stimulating hormone
19
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

-stimulates adrenal cortex to stnthesize glucocorticoids

20
Q

thyroid-stimualting hormone

A

-stimulates thyroid to synthesize thyroxine

21
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

-stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

22
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

-causes maturation of follicles that secrete estrogen, maturation of seminiferous tubes and sperm production

23
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • does not synthesize hormones

- stores and releases peptide hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

24
Q

oxytocin

A

-increases strength of uterine muscle contractions

25
Q

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

A
  • increases permeability go collecting duct to water, increases blood volume and pressure
  • secreted when plasma osmolarity increases
26
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • part of forebrain and located above pituitary gland

- receives transmissions from brain that triggers responses from its neurosecretory cells

27
Q

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

-hypothalamic-releasing hormones stimulate or inhibit secretions of anterior pituitary

28
Q

hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A

-neurosecretory cells synthesize oxytocin and ADH and transport them to the posterior pituitarY

29
Q

thyroid

A
  • hormones in the thyroid are essential for growth and maintenance of metabolic stability
  • thyroxine and triiodothyronine, formed from thyroglobulin
30
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A
  • transported via plasma proteins

- all is formed and secreted by the thyroid gland

31
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A
  • more potent than T4
  • 20% is produced by the thyroid gland
  • majority is produced from the conversion of T4 to T3 by 5’-monodeiodase
32
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • thyroid hormones are under secreted or not secreted at all

- in infants: cretinism is characterized by intellectual disability

33
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

-thyroid is overstimulated

34
Q

calcitonin

A

-decreases plasma Ca2+ by inhibiting the release of

Ca2+ from bone

35
Q

pancreas

A
  • exocrine and endocrine organ
  • exocrine function performed by cells that secrete digestive enzymes
  • endocrine function performed by islets of Langerhans, composed of alpha and beta cells
36
Q

glucagon

A

stimulates protein and fat degradation and conversion of glycogen to glucose, increasing blood glucose levels

37
Q

insulin

A

secreted in response to high blood glucose concentration, lowers blood glucose levels

38
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

underproduction of insulin or insensitivity to insulin causes this
-characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels)

39
Q

parathyroid glands

A
  • 4 pea-shaped structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid
  • synthesize parathyroid hormones, which regulates plasma Ca2+ concentration
40
Q

kidneys

A
  • produce renin: an enzyme that converts plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 then converted to angiotensin II to stimulate adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone
  • produces erythropoietin that stimulates RBC production
41
Q

gastrointestinal hormones

A
  • gastrin: stimulates glands to produce HCl
  • secretin: released by small intestine when acidic food enters stomach, neutralizes chyme
  • cholecystokinin: released by small intestine in presence of fats and release bile
42
Q

pineal gland

A

-structure at the base of the brain that secretes melatonin, which plays a role in circadian rhythms- physiological cycles

43
Q

peptide hormones

A
  • first messengers, bind to specific receptors and trigger enzymatic reactions
  • conversion of ATP to cAMP, which acts as a second messenger (cascade effect)
44
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • class of lipid-derived molecules

- cross the phospholipid bilayer and enter their target cells directly to bind to receptors

PCAT (14 decks)

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