Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > CIRCULATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Blood function

A

transport
regulation
protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

blood transport

A

to deliver oxygen and nutrients to, and remove wastes from body tissues and cells.
oxygen
hormone
co2
nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

blood regulation

A

Blood helps maintain homeostasis of all body fluids
proteins and chemicals in blood act as pH buffers
blood osmotic pressure helps regulate the water content of body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

blood protection

A

White blood cells protect against;

external threats, such as bacterial pathogens
internal threats, such as cells with mutated DNA that could become cancerous, or body cells infected with viruses.
Blood can clot, which protects against excessive blood loss and initiates the healing process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

blood characteristics

A

bright red when oxygenated
dark red when not
thicker then water
alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

composition of blood

A

Plasma- mainly water but 3 ( albumin, globulins, fibronogen)
formed elements
red blood cells
haemaglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Albumin

A

made by liver
transport fatty acids, hormones, ions
helps draw water from tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

globulins

A

immunoglobulins (antibodies) - made by plasma cells, bind to specific antigens and mark them for destruction by specialised white blood cells
alpha and beta globulins - made by the liver, transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells; like albumin, they also contribute to osmotic pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fibronigons

A

made by the liver
essential for blood clotting - form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

red blood cells

A

no nucleus
no mitacondria
no endoplasmic reticulum- so dont sysntheise proteins
biconcave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

haemaglobin

A

found in red blood cells
it has iron and oxygen binds to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

haematostasis

A

process by which the body seals a ruptured blood vessel and prevents further loss of blood
vascular spasm
platlet plug
colagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

vascular spasm

A

damage blood vessel casuses contraction of smooth muscle to vasoconstrict to decrease blood flow to the area
endothelial cells release endothiles hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

platelet plug

A

platelets bind to the exposed collagen at the site of blood vessel damage, and become activated. Activated platelets bind to other platelets and the endothelial lining forming a platelet plug. Activated platelets also release chemicals into the plasma that contribute to haemostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

colagulation

A

complex cascade of enzymatic reactions resulting in the conversion of fibrinogen (a soluble protein) into fibrin (an insoluble protein). As the fibrin mesh gorws, plateletes and blood cells are trapped, forming a clot that seals off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

extrinsic pathway for colagulation

A

triggered when clotting factors outside the blood vessel leak into blood
fewer steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

intrinsic pathway for colagulation

A

triggered when clotting factors come into contact with substances inside the blood vessel
more steps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do contractive proteins do in clotts

A

decreases the size of the damaged area
decreases the residual bleeding and stabilises the injury
permits healing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fibronolysis

A

proccess clot is going away
thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activate plasminogen
plasminogen produces plasmin
plasmin digests fibrin strands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

blood groups

A

detremined on presence of A or B surface antigen
reheus system is detecting of the D surface antigen
if you have it it is positive if not its negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

structure of the heart layers

A

3 layers- epicaridum, myocaridum endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

outermost layer of the heart

A

pericarium
protects and confines the heart it is a doubled layered membrane ( serous membrane )
pariteal- outer visceral inner
they contain fluid which lubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue and is responsible for the pumping action of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

endocardium

A

layer of endothelium with an overlying thin layer of connective tissue. It forms the lining of the chambers of the heart and covers the values of the hear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Pulmonary pump
blood to lungs
26
Systemic pump
delivers blood to/from the body
27
deoxygenated blood from the body enters the
right atrium via superior/ inferior venna carva
28
tricsupid valve is between
right atrium and right ventircle
29
doxygenated blood leaves heart via
pulmary artery from left venticle
30
oxygenated blood arrives at the heart
from the lungs to the left atrium from pulmonary vein
31
oxygenated blood leaves heart via
aorta from left venticle
32
bicuspid valve
seperates left atrium and ventricle
33
sinoatrial node
autorythmic- doesn't need stimulisation they depolarise then sends electrical message to both sides makes heart contract it is the pace maker
34
atriventricular node
recives electrical response and trnasfer to bundles branches to inside and then outside via perkinjie fibres
35
how does heart contract
sa node depolarises message goes to AV node then to AV bundle, bundle branches and perkinjie fibres mechanical action of heart inovate ventricle walls
36
P wave
represent depolarisation of atria
37
QRS wave
represent depolarisation of the ventricles repolarisation of atria hiden by this
38
T wave
represents repolarisation of the ventricles
39
cardiac cycle
atrial systole- contract atria atrial dyistole- relac ventricular systole- contract ventricular dyistole
40
atria contract
atrium get smaller and pressure increases
41
aorta contract
aorta gets smaller increase aortic pressure
42
ventricle contracts
ventricle pressure increase
43
arteries
efferent away from the heart thick muscular walls no valves withstand high pressure small lumen
44
veins
thin walls large lumen valves low pressure smooth muscle contract to pump blood back to heart
45
capillaries
connect the smallest arteries (arterioles) and the smallest veins (venules). The thin wall of capillaries allows the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes between blood and interstitial fluid.
46
Tunica intima
inner most layer of blood vessels
47
Tunica media
middle layer smooth musle contracts for vasoconstirction
48
Tunica externa
outermost layer is a substantial sheath of connective tissue primarily composed of collagenous fibers, stabilising and anchoring the blood vessel.
49
mean artiral pressure
made of both dystolic and systolic pressure
50
cardiac output
HR X SV AMOUNT OF BLOOD EJECTED BY THE VENTRICLE EACH MINUTE
51
TOTAL PHERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
vessel diameter length vasoconstriction vasodilation influncce this
52
fluid exits sapilary why
because capilary hydrostatic is greater then blood collodial pressure
53
fluid is reabsobed by capilary
capilary hydorstatic is less then blood collodial
54
blood flow is determind from
high pressure to low pressure
55
Blood pressure MAP
CO x TPR
56
CO
Cardiac output = SV x HR
57
temperature pulse respiration is limited by
sysmpathetic nervous system vasoconstriction increases resistance vasodilation decrease resistance parasympathetic has no effect on blood vessel diameter
58
Cardiac reserve:
ifference between resting and maximal CO
59
regulation of heart rate
Noradrenaline (& adrenaline) acting on β1 adrenergic receptors. Effect: heart rate increases Parasympathetic activity: Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) via acetylcholine acting on muscarinic receptors. Effect: heart rate decreases Other factors influencing HR: Positive chronotropic factors = increase heart rate, for example adrenaline, caffeine Negative chronotropic factors = decrease heart rate, for example Beta-blockers, such as Propranolo
60
tachycardia
abnormal condition of a fast heart rate
61
bradycardia
abnormal condition of a slow heart rate
62
regulation of stroke volume
Intrinsic control If ventricular wall stretched before contraction, contractile force increases If End Diastolic Volume ↑ (meaning the ventricle chamber is stretching and putting pressure on ventricular wall) → SV ↑ → CO ↑ Extrinsic control: stimulation of sympathetic activity Noradrenaline (& adrenaline injection) acting on β1 adrenergic receptors. Effect: increased contractile force
63
autoregulation
at the blood vessel site causing immediate localised homeostatic adjustments
64
autoregulation that cause vasodilation
Hypoxia: decreased partial pressure of O2 Hypercapnia: increased partial pressure of CO2 Acidosis: decreased pH or increased concentration of H+ Hyperkalaemia: increased concentration of K+ extracellularly Increased adenosine concentration Increased temperature Increased osmolarity
65
neural machanisim
espond quickly to changes (such as sympathetic system): Cardiovascular centers and vasomotor centre in the medulla oblongata: Vasomotor center = A cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla that oversee changes in blood vessel diameter Part of the cardiovascular center, and work along with the cardiac centers Maintains vasomotor tone (moderate constriction of arterioles) receives inputs from baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers.
66
endocrine mechanism
long pathways ADH RAAS EPO
67
RAAS
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone increase blood pressure increase blood volume aldostrone triggers sodium reabsorption
68
ADH
INCREASE BLLOD PRESSURE INCREASE BV
69
EPO
Erythropoietin increase blood pressure
70
baroreceptors
located in charotid sinus and aortic arch respond to the pressure in the wall send action potential to medulla if increase send greater number of ap to medulla
71
chemoreceptors
eceptors sensing changes in the composition of arterial blood. peipheral and central
72
peripheral chemoreceptors
present in the carotid and aortic bodies Highly sensitive to hypoxia Moderately sensitive to hypercapnia and acidosis
73
centeral chemoreceptors
located in the medulla oblongata Highly sensitive to hypercapnia and acidosis
74
a decrease in total body water occurs in human body. This will lead to:
Decrease in blood volume Increased blood viscosity Sluggish blood flow → more work for heart
75
RBC become more deformed leading to
‘Stiffer’ membranes More resistance in microcirculation Impaired oxygen delivery to tissues
76
anemia
s a condition in which there is a lack of healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to body cells. It is Associated with: ↓ O2 delivery Increased morbidity and mortality
77
age changes to blood vessels
1) Arteries become less elastic: Due to decrease production of elastin protein by fibroblast Pressure changes can cause aneurysm 2) Increase of calcium deposits on vessel wall → atherosclerosis and increased risk of stroke or infarction 3) Decrease of venous return: Due to venous valve deterioration Lack of movement Dehydration
78
heart age changes
Reduced maximum cardiac output (in response to exercise or stress) Cardiomegaly increases, thickening of the left ventricular wall Decrease of contractility (cardiac cells less efficient to contract) Changes in conductivity due to: Reduction of number of pacemaker cells Increase of fatty and fibrous tissue infiltration of SA node Increase of scar tissue leading to reduction of heart conduction → heart block → slower heart rate
79
isovolumetric
contraction occuring but blood is not going anywhere
80
what is the sound of the heart
blood hitting the valve
81
what happens when contraction of the atrium
depolarisation occurs
82
AV node will delay message why
to make sure av valves are closed and ventricles are full
83
pre-load
the stretch of the heart muscles as the heart files
84
increase in pre load leads to
increase in blood in the ventricles increase end diastole volume increase stretch of ventricle wall increase sacomere length and contractible force and blood ejects from the heart at greater volume
85
baroreceptors detect
vascular stretch

Biology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions