reproductive system

Question 1

testes

Answer 1

glands in the scrotum

Production of spermatozoa (male gamete) made in seminiferous tubules in the testes
Adjust fluid composition
Recycles spermatozoa
Secretion of testosterone.

Question 2

The seminiferous tubules

Answer 2

lined by Sertoli cells that aid the maturation process of the spermatozoa

found in testes

Question 3

Seminal vesicles (glands):

Answer 3

secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins.

Question 4

Prostate glands

Answer 4

a single, doughnut-shaped gland that secreting a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and antibiotic.

Question 5

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

Answer 5

secrete an alkaline fluid during sexual arousal that neutralises acids from urine and mucus for lubrication.

Question 5

vas deference

Answer 5

transport sperm from the testes

Question 6

urethra

Answer 6

Carries semen and urine
Fluid exits at external urethral orifice

Question 6

penis

Answer 6

The root of the penis is the fixed portion that attaches the penis to the body wall. The body (shaft) of the penis is the tubular, movable portion. The glans of the penis is the expanded distal end that surrounds the external urethral orifice.
Erectile tissue will be essential for erection process

Question 7

male hormones

Answer 7

Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells in the testes.

Inhibin is a protein secreted by the Sertoli cells.

Question 8

testosterone

Answer 8

Promote spermatogenesis (formation of male gamete)
Testosterone can be transformed into oestrogen by aromatase, which is important for spermiogenesis (maturation of spermatozoa)
Maintain libido and related behaviours
Stimulate bone and muscle growth
Male secondary characteristics (breaking voice; facial, axillary & pubic hair)

Question 9

inhibin

Answer 9

It inhibits the synthesis and release of the follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland and reduces the hypothalamic LH - releasing hormone content. It participates indirectly to the regulation of spermatogenesis.

Question 10

process of endocrine

Answer 10

hypothalmus dectetcs low testosterone

hypothalmus GRH is released ot anterior pituarty gland

anterior pit gland will release LH which will cause testes to produce more testosterone

FSH is released as well acts on serotili, if high test will produce inhibin if low will cause spermogensis

Question 11

how is the male gamates produced

Answer 11

spermogenisis
Spermatogonia undergo mitotic divisions to produce additional spermatogonia, which for some of them differentiate into primary spermatocytes, then secondary spermatocytes and finally spermatid.

then spermogenisis is when the maturation of gamate occurs

1. stimulation of stem cells
2. stem cell will then undergo meiosis
3. haploid cells produced

Question 12

structure of sperm

Answer 12

fallagela- tail

head- nucleus

neck- mitacondria

Question 13

prostate

Answer 13

gland encircles urethra
Produces 1/3 of semen volume
Secreting a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and antibiotic.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is normally present in low concentrations, however elevated levels may indicate cancer.

Question 14

bulbourethra glands

Answer 14

secrete a thick, alkaline mucus that helps neutralize any urinary acids that may remain in the urethra (to protect sperm),
lubricates the glans, or tip of the penis.

Question 15

seminal glands

Answer 15

Secrete 60% of semen volume
Alkaline fluid which will neutralise acidity present in female reproductive tract
Fructose for energy for sperm
Fluid essential for capacitation (activation) of sperm cells

Question 16

seamen leaves testes

Answer 16

leaves the semineferous tubes

enters epidymius

enters vas deferences

enters urethra

Question 17

corpus cavernosa

Answer 17

maze of vascular channels incompletely separated by elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle. Each surrounds a central artery.

Question 18

corpus spongiosum

Answer 18

The sheath surrounding the corpus spongiosum contains more elastic fibers than does that of the corpora cavernosa and contains a pair of small arteries.

Question 19

erection process

Answer 19

vasodilation in arteries in penis (due to relaxation) and corpus cavernosa (containing the sponge-like material) will fill up with blow flow coming in the region. Since there is more blood flow going in than out, the engorgement of erectile tissue (cavernosa) with blood will lead to the erection of the penis.

Question 20

function of female reproductive system

Answer 20

make female gametes (ova or ovum) and hormones for reproduction
provides a protective and nourishing environment for the potential developing embryo/foetus until birth (If fertilisation occurs with male gamete)
breasts provide milk to nourish a newborn baby
menstruation.

Question 21

vulva

Answer 21

refers to the external

Question 22

Labia majora

Answer 22

protect the other external reproductive organs. During puberty, hair growth

Question 23

labia minor

Answer 23

surround the opening to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of your uterus to the outside of your body) and urethra

Question 24

clitoris

Answer 24

Your two labia minora meet at your clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion.

Question 25

vaginal oppenning

Answer 25

Your vaginal opening allows menstrual blood and babies

Question 26

vagina

Answer 26

it serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids it receives the penis during sexual intercourse and holds spermatozoa prior to their passage into the uterus forms the inferior portion of the birth canal, through which the foetus passes during delivery. non keratininised and stratified

Question 27

cervix

Answer 27

cartilage covered by smooth, moist tissue, and is about 1 inch across. The cervix produces cervical mucus

Question 28

ovaries

Answer 28

production of immature females gametes, or oocytes secretion of females sex hormones, including oestrogen and progesterone secretion of inhibin, involved in the feedback control of pituitary FSH production

Question 29

uterus

Answer 29

mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus. perimetrium is the outermost layer consisting of a serous membrane myometrium forms the middle layer of the uterus and contains many layers of visceral muscle tissue. endometrium support to the developing embryo and foetus during pregnancy.

Question 30

female hormones

Answer 30

oesterogen progesterone

Question 31

oesterogen

Answer 31

breast growth water retention follicular growth

Question 32

progesterone

Answer 32

breast aveolar production cervix produce mucus increase basal body temp

Question 33

follicular stage of menstural cycle

Answer 33

hypothalamus detects low levels of oestregen GnRH released to anterior pit AP- FSH AND LH OVERY lead to produce oestregen

Question 34

ovulation stage of mensturual cycle

Answer 34

GnRH from hypothalamus ap- FSH / LH ovaries to ovulate increase in oestrogen acts in positive feedback back to LH

Question 35

luteal phase of mensteral cycle

Answer 35

Hypothalamus GnRh AP FSH and Lh lower oestrogen high levels of progesterone

Question 36

formation of zygote occurs when

Answer 36

fusion of haploid cells will occur hen sperm get through corona radiata and then the zone pellucida

Question 37

cleavage will occur when

Answer 37

3-5 days and the morula forms

Question 38

blastocyst

Answer 38

inner cell mass- embryoblast outer cell mass- trophoblast

Question 39

trophoblast cells

Answer 39

future placenta display factors that are immunsuppressive will differniate into 2 cells cytotrophblast- inner layer syncytiotrophoblast- outer layer faciliate implantation secretes important hormones hCG- maintain corpus luteum second trimester secretion of placental geowth hormone has insulin antagonist effect

Question 40

implanatation process

Answer 40

inner cells become 2 epiblast hypoblast a groove in caudal end of epiblast layer primitive steak froms leads to cranial and caudal axis of embryo develop gastrulation occurs

Question 41

gastrulation

Answer 41

development stage leads to primary germ layer of cell called ectodem, mesoderm, ectoderm billamel to trilamminar

Question 42

organs from ectoderm

Answer 42

epidermis of skin epithelial line of mouth and rectum cornea and lens of eye adrenal medulla nervous system

Question 43

organs from mesoderm

Answer 43

skeletal system muscular system muscular layer of stomach reproductive system dermis of skin adrenal cortex

Question 44

endoderm

Answer 44

epithial linning of GIT epithelial linning of respiratory linning of urinary system liver pancreas thymus thyroid

Question 45

NOTCHORD

Answer 45

GUIDE DEVELOPMENT OF tissues