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Respiratory system Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx

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2
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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3
Q

2 zones

A

conducting zone- only passage no exhange of has

respiratory zone- exhange of gas

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4
Q

nasal cavity

A

three turbinate bones (nasal conchae) and nasal meatuses

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5
Q

the roof of the nasal cavity contains

A

sensory cells of the olfactory mucosa to help with smell sensatio

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6
Q

concahe

A

increase the surface area and produce a turbulent airflow to delay it for warming, humidifying and cleaning the air to protect the lungs.

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7
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus, which can trap dust, debris and pathogens.

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8
Q

cilia

A

unison towards the pharynx to remove the mucus with damaging foreign particles.

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9
Q

paranasal sinus

A

hollow cavities in the facial bones, continuous with the nasal cavity. They warm, humidify, and filter air, lighten the skull and enhance voice resonance.

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10
Q

pharynx 3 types

A

nasopharynx- warm and humidtify air

oropharynx- common path for food and air

laryngopharynx- opens to anterior larynx and posterior oseophagus

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11
Q

larynx

A

voice box
thyroid cartlidge supports

epiglottis closes when swallowing prevents food entering lungs

vocal chords- membranous tissue

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12
Q

trachea

A

It is supported and kept open always by incomplete C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings. An elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle) completes the ring at the back. These soft tissues protect the oesophagus posterior to the trachea and allow it to expand during swallowing.

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13
Q

alveoli

A

Type I alveolar cells/pneumocytes, made of thin simple squamous epithelia to facilitate easy diffusion of gases.

close proximity to pulmonary capilaries for gases exchange

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14
Q

lungs

A

left- 2 lobes- cardiac notch

right- 3 lobes

hilum- entry of vessels

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15
Q

respiration

A

provides every cell with oxygen and removes co2

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16
Q

ventilation

A

continuous movement of fresh air rich in oxygen and removing carbon diozide

inhilation/ exhilation

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17
Q

inhilation

A

bringing air rich in 02 into lungs

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18
Q

exhalation

A

exspiring air rich in co2 from the lungs

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19
Q

ventilation mechanics

A

air moves from high pressure to low pressure
inhale pressure inside lungs must increase

exhale pressure iside lungs must increase

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20
Q

intraveolar pressure

A

pressure inside the lungs

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21
Q

p1 x v1=

A

p2 x v2

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22
Q

change lung pressure

A

skeletal muscles covering lungs
fluid in pleural cavity keeps lungs at a particular pressureso lungs adhere to the cavity

expand lungs during rest

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23
Q

inspiration is a … procces

A

active

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24
Q

diaphragm

A

dome shaped at rest

increase throacic volume/ decrease pressure

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25
extrenal interchostal muscles
lift ribs up and down
26
forced inspiration
scalenes sternoclionmastoid trapizeus
27
quiet exspiration
is a passive proccess- no muscle contraction decrease thoracic volume and increase throacic pressure
28
internal intercostal muscles
depress the rib cage
29
abdominal muscles
compress abdomin to decrease throacic volume
30
inspiration
At beginning of inspiration * No pressure difference between atmosphere and lungs * Intrapleural pressure is subatmospheric 2. Inspiratory muscles contract and intrathoracic volume ↑ 3. Intrathoracic and Intrapleural pressure ↓ 4. Lungs expand and alveolar volume ↑ 5. Alveolar pressure ↓ and becomes subatmospheric 6. Air moves into the lungs due to pressure gradient 7. At the end of inspiration * Intra-alveolar pressure becomes the same as atmospheric pressure * Intrapleural pressure is more -ve than at the beginning of inspiration
31
expiration
At the beginning of expiration * Intra-alveolar pressure is same as atmospheric pressure * Intrapleural pressure is highly subatmospheric 2. Inspiratory muscles relax → intrathoracic volume ↓ 3. Intrapleural pressure ↑ 4. Lungs recoil and alveolar volume ↓ 5. Alveolar pressure ↑ and becomes higher than atmospheric pressure 6. Air moves out of the lungs 7. By the end of expiration * Intra-alveolar pressure becomes the same as atmospheric pressure * Intrapleural pressure is less -ve than at the beginni
32
external respiration
passive diffsuion gas exchange between the gas in the blood and gas in the lungs across alveoli membrane concentration
33
internal repiration
gas exhage between blood and cells of the body
34
type 1 pneumocytes
these cells are thin and squamous, ideal for gas exchange. They share a basement membrane with pulmonary capillary endothelium, forming the air-blood barrier where gas exchange occurs
35
20ml of oxygen in
every 100ml of blood 98 percent on haemagoblobin
36
haemaglobin
4 globin protein chains
37
each haem group
can bind 1 oxygen atom
38
oxyhaemaglobin
red bright has oxygen
39
deoxyhaemaglobin
dark red no oxygen
40
tissue have high concentration in tissue
lower ph decrease oxygen binding affinity
41
increase in temperature
lowers oxygen affinity
42
carbon dioxide reactions
CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 = H + + CO3- reaction goes right from tissue to blood reaction goes to the left in lungs
43
CARBON DIOXIDE REACTION CAN BE INCREASED BY
carbonic anhydrase
44
45
controls respiration
PCO2 pressure that is high which is important for normal if it is less then 40mmg then breathing could stop all togehter
46
hypercapnia
increased CO2 INCREASES H2CO3 INCREASE H+ caused by decreased oxygen delivery and co2 removal decreased gas exchange causes comma death dereased CNS actiivty
47
hypocapnia
decreased CO2 need to hyperventilate to increase CO2 removal increase CNS activity
48
carbon dioxide travels in blood via
bicarbonate in blood
49
spirometry
lung functioned test
50
tidal volume
Amount of air inhaled during a normal breath
51
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation
52
Residual volume (RV)
Air left in the lungs after a forced exhalation
53
Vital capacity (VC)
Maximum amount of air that can be moved in or out of the lungs in a single respiratory cycle
54
respiratory minute volume
TV X RR
55
control of airways
during intense physical activity- increase enrgy expenditure diameter of airways- autonomic nervous system airflow during inspiration/ exhalation turbulent flow vs lament flow
56
control of bronchiole diameter
parasympathetic nervous system cause smooth muscle to contract and bronchioles to contract and increase resistance to air flow decrease air into lungs sympathetic nervous has no ability on there bronchioles
57
luminar flow
no resistance
58
turbulent flow
increased resistance
59
dorsal respiratory group
in medulla fires signals for 2 seconds rest 3 seconds for expiration
60
venteral repsiratory group
medulla controls both inspiration and expiration in forced breathing
61
pneumtaxic center
pons controls rate and depth of breathing C3 C4 C5 FOR DIAPHRAGM
62
RESPIRATORY REFLEXES
baroreceptors activated in hypoxia decrease breathing rate in BP is high centeral chemoreceptors- activated when have high level of hydrogen ions and rising carbon dioxide levels mechanoreceptors- decrease tifal volume increase breathing rate
63
age changes
Arthritic changes in the costovertebral joints and costal cartilages stiffening the thorax and decreasing compliance during inspiration. Elastic tissue is replaced by scar tissue reducing lung compliance and vital capacity. Emphysema destroys alveolar surfaces and reduces surface area available for gas exchange with ageing, particularly in smokers. Physical activity and avoiding smoking can maintain exercise tolerance as you age.

Biology (19 decks)

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