endocrine system

Question 1

endocrine system

Answer 1

coordinates functioning between different organs through hormones

hormone affect functions of target tissue

Question 2

endocrine cell

Answer 2

release hormones

Question 3

endocrine vs exocrine

Answer 3

endocrine
- hormones
- no ducts

exocrine
- secretion onto epithealium surface
- via ducts

Question 4

function of endocrine

Answer 4

regulate growth and activity of target cells in body

growth
reproduction
sleep
control stress, trauma
regulate circulation and RBC production
regulate metabolism
HOMEOSTASIS

Question 5

PTH produces

Answer 5

hormone to raise calcium

Question 6

oxytocin

Answer 6

smooth muscle contraction of uterus

Question 7

calcitonin

Answer 7

lowers blood calcium levels

Question 8

thhyroid hormone

Answer 8

stimulates matabolisim

Question 9

endocrine vs nervous

Answer 9

nervous- short and quick // uses nervous impluses

endocrine- long and gradual// use chemical messengers via blood

both- control and communincate chemical messengers

Question 10

hormone

Answer 10

blood borne chemical messenger

specific target

low concentration

binds to receptor that is specific to the hormone

Question 11

hormone receptors

Answer 11

in and on cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

Question 12

2 types of hormone

Answer 12

fat/ lipid soluble- go through the membrane// direct

water soluble- attach to cell membrane// indirect require a second messenger in the cell

Question 13

hormone course of action

Answer 13

rate of enzymatic reaction- change shape/ function

control transport- open/ close channels

control gene expression- turn on and off a gene

Question 14

hypothalmus

Answer 14

location: brain forbrain

Question 15

pituartry gland

Answer 15

location: bellow hypothalmus
anterior and posterior lobes
intergrates nervous and endocrine

produce its own hormones
e.g ADH
its hormones are released by the posterior lobe of pituary gland

secrete hormones that go to anterior lobe to secret more hormones

direct nervous control to adrenal gland

Question 16

infadibulum

Answer 16

connects pituartry gland and hypothalmus

Question 17

anterior pituartry gland

Answer 17

hormones produced in hypothalmus then travel to anterior
it then will release its own hormones

makes and releases its own hormones under instructions from the hypothalmus

Question 18

posterior pituatary gland

Answer 18

stores and release hormones produced by hypothalmus

travel down axons of nerves to posterior lobe

OXYTOCIN// ADH

Question 19

ADH

Answer 19

increase water uptake at kidney // reabsorption in distal tuble

blood osmorlaity if high will decrease plasma osmolarity

Question 20

growth hormone

Answer 20

Promotes growth of body tissues

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is released by hypothalmus

peptide

Question 21

prolactin

Answer 21

Peptide

Promotes milk production from mammary glands

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRL)*Peptide

Question 22

thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 22

Glycoprotein

Stimulates thyroid hormone release from thyroid

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 23

adrenocorticotopic

Answer 23

Peptide

Stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 24

folicle stimulating hormone

Answer 24

Glycoprotein

Stimulates gamete production in gonads

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 25

lutenising hormone

Answer 25

Glycoprotein Stimulates androgen production by gonads Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 26

melenocyte stimulating hormone

Answer 26

Peptide Stimulates melanin formation in melanocytes [to protect epidermis and dermis from UV radiation] Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 27

thyroid releases

Answer 27

thyroid hormones calcitonin

Question 28

thyroid hormones

Answer 28

Increase basal metabolic rate * Increased metabolic rate means increased heat production * Stimulate protein synthesis and usage of fuels (to make ATP) * Enhanced sympathetic activity (e.g. ↑HR and ↑BP) * Essential for normal growth and development (especially skeletal and nervous systems)

Question 29

the pathway of thyroid hormone

Answer 29

1 low stress 2 thyrotrophin is released and acts on anterior pituratry 3 thyroid stimulating hormone is releases anterior pituratory 4 acts on thyroid 5 T3, T4, THYROXINE increase metabolic rate e.g targets ,uscle, liver, heart increase body temp

Question 30

functions and effects of growth hormone

Answer 30

promotes growth of body tissues release IGFs are small protein hormones that stimulate general body growth and regulate aspects of metabolism Enhanced lipolysis in adipose tissue means the fatty acids released can be utilised for ATP production by body cells (thus reducing glucose uptake from the bloodstream). Enhanced glycogenolysis in the liver will release stored glucose into the bloodstream. Blood glucose levels will rise as a result of the above effects.

Question 31

adrenal gland

Answer 31

capsule- outer layer cortex- mineralcorticoids/ glutocorticoids/ androgen medulla- inner most layer- stress hormones hormones nervous impulses

Question 32

cortisol

Answer 32

1. CRH is released by hypothalmus 2. CRH acts of anterior pituratry gland then ACTH 3. cortisol is released from the adrenal glands because of ACTH act on muscle, adipose tissue, liver fuel mobilisation/ break down proteins and fats to decrease stress decrease inflammation

Question 33

effects of adrenal medulla

Answer 33

metabolic- glycogenolysis lipolysis cvs effects Increases cardiac output (↑heart rate and ↑stroke volume) * Vasodilation of coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels * Bronchodilation * Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to ‘non-essential’ tissues (GIT, skin, kidneys)

Question 34

adolstrone

Answer 34

helps adjust blood volume, and therefore blood pressure

Question 35

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

Answer 35

The aim of RAAS is to RAISE your blood pressure. Renin then catalyses the conversion of the plasma protein angiotensinogen produced in liver Angiotensin II has three major functions: (1) initiating arteriolar vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure, (2) stimulating reabsorption of NaCl and water in the kidney tubules to increase blood volume, and (3) stimulating the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone,

Question 36

glucose homeostasis

Answer 36

1. glucose is absorbed 2. if not used converted to glycogen by insulin produced by beta cells 3. if require more glucose require glucagon to be produced by alpha cells in pancreas to convert glycogen into glucose