CLA P2 Flashcards
(17 cards)
What are the stages of writing development?
Emergent – scribbles
Pre-phonemic – letters with no sound match
Phonemic – letters match sounds (e.g. “luv” for “love”)
Transitional – more accurate spelling/structure
Conventional – near adult-level writing
Effect: shows increasing accuracy
Evaluation: ✅ clear stages ❌
ignores outside influence
(Exam tip: Link to Piaget’s stages + phonics awareness)
What is Rothery’s framework for children’s writing?
Observation/Comment – describing
Recount – events in order
Report – factual writing
Narrative – story structure
Effect: explains purpose-based writing
Evaluation: ✅ useful for school writing ❌ limited to classroom
(Exam tip: Link to genre-based teaching + Halliday’s functions)
What are Barclay’s stages of writing?
Scribbling
→ Mock handwriting
→ Mock letters
→ Conventional letters → Invented spelling
→ Standard spelling
→ Correct spelling
Effect: tracks rule development
Evaluation: ✅ simple framework ❌ ignores creativity/social factors
(Exam tip: Compare with Gentry’s spelling stages if needed)
What helps reading development?
Phonics, shared reading with adults, picture clues, repetition, rhyme
Effect: supports decoding and comprehension
Evaluation: ✅ builds strong foundation ❌ depends on support
(Exam tip: Link to Bruner/Vygotsky for interaction-based reading)
What is the difference between phonics and whole word approaches?
Phonics = sounding out words
Whole word = recognising words by sight
Effect:
Phonics builds decoding
Whole word builds fluency
Evaluation:
✅ phonics for spelling, ❌ hard with irregular words
✅ whole word for fluency, ❌ weak with new words
(Exam tip: Combine approaches = best outcomes)
What is the importance of reading in language development?
Improves vocab, grammar, sentence structure, imagination
Effect: boosts wider language skills
Evaluation: ✅ supports development ❌ needs adult guidance
(Exam tip: Use to support language acquisition + CLA debate answers)
(Exam tip: Use to support language acquisition + CLA debate answers)
What are the stages of learning to read?
- Pre-reading (up to 6 years) – Looks at books, turns pages, pretends to read.
- Initial Reading/Decoding (6–7 years) – Links letters to sounds, begins reading simple texts.
- Confirmation & Fluency (7–8 years) – Reading becomes smoother and more accurate.
- Reading for Learning (9–14 years) – Uses reading to gain information in other subjects.
- Multiple Viewpoints (14–18 years) – Understands different perspectives and opinions in texts.
- Construction & Reconstruction (18+) – Skims, scans, analyses texts for study or work.
What is the difference between synthetic and analytic phonics?
Synthetic Phonics – Teaches individual sounds (phonemes) and how to blend them (e.g., c-a-t).
• Analytic Phonics – Starts with whole words, then breaks them into sounds (e.g., cat, mat, hat).
What are the stages of writing development?
- Emergent Writing – Marks and scribbles with no clear meaning.
- Semi-phonetic Stage – Some awareness of letters and sounds (e.g., “I lik chs” for “I like cheese”).
- Phonetic Stage – Uses more phonetic spelling, often without full accuracy.
- Transitional Stage – Starts using more standard spelling and grammar.
- Conventional Stage – Writing is more accurate and fluent, with correct spelling and punctuation.
What are Kroll’s stages of writing development?
- Preparatory (up to 6) – Motor skills, basic spelling.
- Consolidation (7–8) – Writing like speech, short sentences, and simple grammar.
- Differentiation (9–10) – Understands writing is different from speech, more complex sentences.
- Integration (mid-teens+) – Personal voice develops, style adapts to audience and purpose.
What influences reading and writing development?
• Child-Directed Speech (CDS)
• Parental involvement
• Schooling and phonics teaching
• Access to books
• Socioeconomic background
• Language acquisition ability
Grammar: What are telegraphic speech and its characteristics?
• Telegraphic Speech – When children use short, simple phrases (usually 2-3 words) that contain only essential content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives), leaving out non-essential words (e.g., “want cookie” instead of “I want the cookie”).
• This typically occurs around 2-3 years old and reflects early stages of grammatical development.
What are function words and when do children begin using them?
• Function Words – Words like prepositions, conjunctions, articles (e.g., “the,” “and,” “in”) that help structure sentences.
• Children usually begin using them around 2-3 years old to create more complex, grammatically correct sentences.
What is Brown’s Stages of Morpheme Acquisition?
• Stage 1 – Present progressive -ing (e.g., “eating”)
• Stage 2 – Plural -s (e.g., “cats”)
• Stage 3 – Irregular past tense (e.g., “went”)
• Stage 4 – Possessive -s (e.g., “girl’s”)
• Stage 5 – Uncontractible copula (e.g., “She is happy”)
• Stage 6 – Articles (e.g., “a, the”)
• Stage 7 – Regular past tense -ed (e.g., “walked”)
• Stage 8 – Third-person singular -s (e.g., “he walks”)
• Stage 9 – Irregular third person (e.g., “does”)
• Stage 10 – Uncontractible auxiliary (e.g., “She is running.”)
What is negation in grammar development?
• Negation – The process of expressing negative meanings in sentences.
Stages of development:
1. Pre-verbal negation – Child says “no” or “don’t” as an answer or response.
2. Verb phrase negation – Child starts adding “don’t,” “isn’t,” “can’t” to verbs (e.g., “I don’t want”).
3. Complex negation – Child uses auxiliary verbs in negative sentences (e.g., “I will not go.”).
What is sentence structure development in children?
• Early Stage – Simple, declarative sentences (e.g., “I play.”).
• Middle Stage – Use of conjunctions (e.g., “and,” “but”) to connect ideas.
• Later Stage – Use of more complex structures, including relative clauses and embedded clauses (e.g., “The boy who is running is my friend.”).
