The abdominal cavity can be subdivided into 4 quadrants or 9 regions. What 2 lines divide the abdomen into 4 quadrants?
Trans umbilical line Median line
What 4 lines divide the abdomen into 9 regions?
Right and left midclavicular lines Sub costal line Trans tubercular line
Label the 9 regions of the abdomen.
Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar Right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
2 organs in the right hypochondriac region.
Liver Gall bladder
3 organs in the epigastric region.
Stomach Liver Pancreas
2 organs in left hypochondriac
Spleen Tail of pancreas
2 organs in right lumbar region.
Liver Ascending colon
3 organs in umbilical region.
Duodenum Illeum Jejunum
2 organs in left lumbar region.
Left kidney Descending colon
2 organs in right iliac region.
Caecum Appendix
3 organs in hypogastric region
Sigmoid colon Bladder Female reproductive organs
2 organs in left iliac region
Sigmoid colon Descending colon
Name 3 muscles of the antero-lateral abdominal wall.
- Transversus abdominis
- Internal oblique
- External oblique
Function of the oblique muscles.
Rotation of trunk.
Innervation of the 3 muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Anterior rami T7-T11
Function of transversus abdominis muscle.
Compress and support viscera.
Compare the orientation of the fibres of the external obliques and the internal obliques.
External obliques - inferomedially
Internal obliques - superomedially
“Hands in pockEts, hands on tIts”
There are 2 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, running in a vertical orientation. Name them.
Rectus abdominis Pyramidalis
Function of rectus abdominis.
Flexing of abdomen.
Innervation of Rectus Abdominis.
T7-T12 Anterior Rami
What is the rectus sheath?
Tough fibrous sheath covering rectus abdominis.
Consisits of interlaced aponeuroses of 3 flat abdominal muscles
What forms the rectus sheath?
Aponeuroses of 1) External oblique 2) internal oblique 3) Transversus abdominis
What is an aponeurosis?
Thin sheet-like tendon for muscles with a wide area of attachment.
How does the rectus sheath differ above and below the umbilicus?
Above umbilicus: sheath present anterior and posterior to RA muscle.
Below umbilicus: Below umbilicus, the aponeuroses of all three muscles, EO, IO and TA, pass anterior to the rectus abdominis to form the anterior rectus sheath, leaving only the transversalis fascia to cover the RA posteriorly [From text book, page 115]
What vertebral level is the umbilicus?
L3/L4
What dermatome covers the strip of skin over the umbilicus?
T10
The inguinal ligament is attached to what 2 bony landmarks?
Anterior superior iliac spine Pubic tubercle
List the contents of the inguinal canal in a male.
- Spermatic cord
- Illioinguinal nerve
- Blood and lymphatics
List the contents of the inguinal canal in a female.
Round ligament Illioinguinal nerve Blood and lymphatics
Describe in detail the 4 layers of the wall of the GI tract.
MUCOSA -Epithelium -Lamina Propria -Muscularis mucosa Sub mucosa Muscularis externa - inner circular layer - outer longitudinal layer Series/Adventitia
what forms the floor of the inguinal canal
inguinal ligament
what forms the roof of the inguinal canal
transversalis fascia, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis
what forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal
transversalis fascia
what forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal
external oblique aponeurosis
what does the superior epigastric vessels arise from
internal thoracic artery
what does the inferior epigastric vessels arise from
external iliac artery
