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NEURO 1 > Class 1 - Overview/Signal Transmission > Flashcards

Class 1 - Overview/Signal Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of white matter found in the PNS

A

nerves, which are bundles of myelinated axons or dendrites

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2
Q

What is a nerve?

A

a bundle of myelinated axons plus its associated connective tissue and blood vessels in the PNS

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3
Q

Where can grey matter be found in the PNS?

A

ganglia

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4
Q

Compare/contrast nerves vs. tracts

A

nerves are found in the PNS

tracts are found in the CNS and connect nuclei or areas of the cortex

both are white matter, bundles of myelinated axons

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5
Q 
True or false: all of the following are grey matter
Neuron cell bodies
Unmyelinated axons
Dendrites
Nuclei
Axon terminals
Neuroglia
A

True

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6
Q

The enteric plexus is composed of ___ and ___. What layer of the digestive tract wall is each of these found?

A

Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus (within the muscularis)

Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus (within the submucosa)

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7
Q

What are the three types of sensory receptors?

A
  1. free nerve endings (bare dendrites)
  2. encapsulated free endings
  3. separate cells
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8
Q

What are the effectors of the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscles

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9
Q

What is the most abundant structural type of neuron?

A

multipolar

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10
Q

The myelin sheath is formed by who in the PNS and who in the CNS?

A

PNS - Schwann cells

CNS - oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

Most sensory neurons are of what structure?

A

unipolar

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12
Q

Motor neurons are of what structure?

A

multipolar

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13
Q

Most interneurons are of what structure?

A

multipolar

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14
Q

Describe multipolar neurons

A

several dendrites

one axon

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15
Q

Describe bipolar neurons

A

one main dendrite, one axon, with the cell body interrupting the path between them

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16
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

retina of the eye, inner ear, olfactory area of the brain

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17
Q

Describe unipolar neurons

A

dendrites and one axon that are fused together - the cell body stems off from this long process, without interrupting it

they begin in the embryo as bipolar neurons

18
Q

The dendrites of most unipolar neurons function as…

A

sensory receptors

19
Q

What is a Purkinje cell, where is it found?

A

a neuron with an expansive pattern of dendrite dispersion, found in the cerebellum

20
Q

What is a pyramidal cell, where is it found?

A

a neuron found in the cerebral cortex, which as a pyramid-shaped cell body

21
Q

What cells of the nervous system are capable of cell division?

A

neuroglial cells

22
Q

Which neuroglial cells are only found in the CNS?

A

astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

23
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

create the BBB
regulate growth, migration, and interconnection of embryonic neurons
influence formation of neural synapses
maintain chemical environment for generation of nerve impulses

24
Q

What role do oligodendrocytes play?

A

make and maintain myelin sheaths in the CNS

25
Q

Which neuroglial cell is most numerous?

A

astrocytes

26
Q

Describe the structure of microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells

A

Microglia - small cells with spine-like projections

Oligodendrocytes - similar to astrocytes but smaller and fewer processes

Astrocytes - star-shaped with many processes

Ependymal cells - have cilia and microvilli

27
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

phagocytosis of debris and bacteria in damaged tissue

28
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

arranged in a single layer to line the ventricles, forming part of the blood-CSF barrier

29
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

regulate exchange of material between neuronal cell bodies and ISF

30
Q

Which part of the neuron membrane is more negatively charged?

A

the inside surface

31
Q

A cell with a membrane potential is said to be…

A

polarized

32
Q

What is the average resting membrane potential of:
neurons
RBC’s
heart/skeletal muscle

A

neurons -70mV
RBC’s -10mV
heart/skeletal muscle -90mV

33
Q

Graded potentials are useful for ___ while action potentials are useful for ____

A

GP: short distance communication

AP: long distance communication

34
Q

What is ‘decremental conduction’?

A

refers to the gradual decrease in the stimuli and resultant response along the pathway of conduction (GP decreases as it spreads)

35
Q

What is ‘summation’?

A

stacking of GP’s (adding together to result in a stronger or longer stimulus) –> can be temporal summation (repeated input) or spatial summation (multiple at same time)

36
Q

Graded potentials mainly occur where?

A

dendrites + neuron cell bodies

37
Q

What is the action potential ‘threshold’?

A

-55mV

38
Q

What occurs in the depolarization phase of an action potential?

A
  1. stimulus causes Na+ channels to open
  2. Na+ ions rush into the cell
  3. K+ moves out at a slower rate
  4. inside of cell becomes much more positively charged, reversing the polarity
39
Q

What occurs in the repolarization phase of an action potential?

A
  1. Na+ channels close, extra K+ channels open
  2. K+ moves out very quickly, resulting in the membrane potential being even more negative than originally until K+ channels close
  3. Sodium-potassium pumps re-establish the required Na/K concentrations
40
Q

Why does an absolute refractory period occur?

A

Na+ channels cannot reopen before the cell returns to its resting state

41
Q

What two conditions are required in the relative refractory period to generate a second AP?

A
  1. a larger than normal stimulus

2. K+ channels are still open, inactivated Na+ channels have already returned to their resting state

NEURO 1 (11 decks)

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