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NEURO 1 > Class 6 & 7 - Brain, Internal Structures & Functions > Flashcards

Class 6 & 7 - Brain, Internal Structures & Functions Flashcards

1
Q

The three parts of the brainstem are the…

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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2
Q

What is the reticular formation, where is it?

A

a netlike region of interspersed gray and white matter which extends the length of the brain stem

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3
Q

What is contained in the medulla oblongata?

A

all the ascending and descending tracts (white matter) that extend between the spinal cord and brain

the pyramids and decussation of the pyramids (the corticospinal tracts)

the olives containing the olivary nuclei (gray matter)

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4
Q

Where are the olivary nuclei found?

A

lateral to each pyramid in the medulla oblongata

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5
Q

What nuclei are found in the medulla oblongata?

A 
olivary nuclei, inferior olivary nucleus
cardiovascular center
medullary respiratory center
vomiting center
deglutition center
gracile nucleus
cuneate nucleus
gustatory nucleus
cochlear nuclei
vestibular nuclei
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6
Q

What does the medial lemniscus contain?

A

axons of the gracile and cuneate nuclei

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7
Q

Which cranial nerves have nuclei in the medulla oblongata?

A

VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII
(or cranial nerves 8-12)

or
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
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8
Q

What is the main function of the pons?

A

it’s a bridge that connects different parts of the brain, including the left and right sides of the cerebellum

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9
Q

Where are the cerebellar peduncles found?

A

in the white matter of the pons

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10
Q

Which of the cerebellar peduncles is the largest?

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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11
Q

What are the two regions of the pons?

A

ventral and dorsal

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12
Q

Where in the pons are the pontine nuclei found? What is their function?

A

ventral region

coordination/efficiency of voluntary movement

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13
Q

What is contained in the dorsal region of the pons?

A

ascending and descending tracts

nuclei of some cranial nerves

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14
Q

What can be found in the grey matter of the pons?

A

the pontine respiratory group (nuclei)
the nuclei of the trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

or cranial nerves 5-8

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15
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

in the midbrain

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16
Q

What are the two parts of the midbrain?

A

the anterior tegmentum

the posterior tectum

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17
Q

Where are the cerebral peduncles found?

A

anterior midbrain

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18
Q

What is the function of the mammillary bodies adjacent to the tegmentum? What brain structure are they part of?

A

relay stations for olfaction reflexes

hypothalamus

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19
Q

The tectum is composed of what four rounded grey matter elevations?

A

2x superior colliculi

2x inferior colliculi

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20
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

visual activity reflex center

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21
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

reflex centers for startle reflex, part of auditory pathway

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22
Q

The left and right substantia nigra are found in which part of the brain?

A

midbrain

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23
Q

The left and right red nuclei, as well as the periaqueductal gray matter, are found where?

A

midbrain

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24
Q

The nuclei for the oculomotor and trochlear nerves are found where?

A

in the gray matter of the midbrain

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25
Q

The ascending portion of the reticular formation is called the…

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

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26
Q

What sensory information can activate the RAS?

A 
visual
auditory
pain
touch
pressure
proprioception
27
Q

What sensory information does the RAS not receive?

A

smell

28
Q

What 4 things does the descending portion of the reticular formation regulate?

A

heart rate
blood pressure
respiratory rate
muscle tone

29
Q

The cerebellum is only 1/10th of the mass of the brain, but it contains ____ of the neurons in the brain

A

almost half

30
Q

What are three examples of when the RAS is active?

A
  1. during arousal (awakening from sleep)
  2. maintaining attention
  3. preventing sensory overload by filtering insignificant info
31
Q

What does inactivation of the RAS produce?

A

sleep

32
Q

What are the two cerebellar hemispheres separated by?

A

vermis

33
Q

What type of matter is on the surface and in the core of the cerebellum?

A

gray

34
Q

What are in the core of the cerebellum?

A

cerebellar nuclei

35
Q

Name the 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles:

A
  1. superior cerebellar peduncle (axons to red nuclei and thalamus)
  2. middle cerebellar peduncle (largest)
  3. inferior cerebellar peduncle
36
Q

Where does the middle cerebellar peduncle contain axons from?

A

pontine nuclei

37
Q

What 4 areas does the inferior cerebellar peduncle contain axons from?

A
  1. spinocerebellar tracts
  2. from and to vestibular apparatus
  3. from inferior olivary nucleus
  4. to the reticular formation
38
Q

What are the 4 functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. monitoring INTENTION for movement
  2. monitoring actual movements
  3. comparing intention with actual movement
  4. correcting discrepancies
39
Q

What are the 3 portions of the diencephalon and what ventricle is it located?

A

Portions: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Located in the third ventricle

40
Q

What structure composes 80% of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

41
Q

What does an interthalamic adhesion do?

A

connects both thalami

42
Q

What is the thalamus a major relay station for?

A

most sensory impulses from the spinal cord and brain stem to the cerebral cortex.

43
Q

What is the major role of the hypothalamus?

A

major regulator of homeostasis (monitors sugar levels, hormone concentration and temp)

44
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive impulses from?

A

Somatic and visceral receptors, and from vision, taste and smell

45
Q

What gland is the hypothalamus connected to?

A

hypophysis (pituitary) gland

46
Q

Where is the epithalamus located?

A

superior and posterior to thalamus

47
Q

What 2 things does the epithalamus consist of?

A
  1. pineal gland

2. habenular nuclei (anterior to pineal gland)

48
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

49
Q

What area is involved in emotional responses to olfaction?

A

habenular nuclei

50
Q

The subarachnoid space and the fourth ventricle are connected via…

A

the median and 2 lateral apertures

51
Q

The three gray matter structures at the core of the cerebrum are together called the ____ and individually they are:

A

basal ganglia

globus pallidus
putamen
caudate nucleus

52
Q

What is the role of the basal nuclei?

A 
help initiate and terminate movement
regulate muscle tone
regulate emotional behaviour
control subconscious muscle contraction
help initiate & terminate attention/memory/planning
53
Q

The descending portion of the RAS helps regulate what 4 things?

A

muscle tone
HR
BP
respiratory rate

54
Q

The white matter in the core of the cerebellum is called the…

A

arbor vitae

55
Q

The pineal gland protrudes from…

A

the third ventricle

56
Q

The primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex is just posterior to the…

A

primary motor area

57
Q

The primary visual area/visual association area is in the…

A

occipital cortex

58
Q

The association tracts of the cerebrum are found between…

A

the gyri

59
Q

The commissural tracts of the cerebrum have what role? What are the 3?

A

connect the cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum
anterior commissure
posterior commissure

60
Q

What are the 3 types of tracts found in the cerebral white matter?

A

association
commissural
projection

61
Q

Why is aphasia less likely after a stroke in women?

A

there is less hemispheric lateralization

62
Q

Alpha brain waves are associated with what states?

A

normal/awake/resting/eyes closed

63
Q

Delta brain waves are associated with what states?

A

deep sleep in adults

if in awake adults: brain damage

normal in awake infants

64
Q

Theta brain waves in adults are associated with what states?

A

emotional stress/brain disorder

NEURO 1 (11 decks)

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