class #1- prokaryotic structure and function

Question 1

what is a nucleus

Answer 1

a membrane enclosed organelle containing a cell’s primary genetic material

Question 2

what is the definition of a prokaryote

Answer 2

before a nucleus

Question 3

what is the definition of a eukaryote

Answer 3

new nucleus

Question 4

what is the central dogma

Answer 4

a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein

Question 5

what is replication

Answer 5

DNA to DNA

Question 6

what is transcription

Answer 6

DNA to RNA

Question 7

what is translation

Answer 7

RNA to protein

Question 8

what is a chromosome

Answer 8

a genetic element carrying genes essential to cellular function

Question 9

what is a plasmid

Answer 9

an extrachromosomal genetic element that is non essential for growth

Question 10

what is the genome

Answer 10

the complete set of genes within an organism

Question 11

how does replication occur?

Answer 11

the bacterial genomes are circular & DNA synthesis is semi-conservative, meaning only one strand is copied.

Question 12

where does a bacterial cell store its DNA?

Answer 12

nucleoid

Question 13

what is a nucleoid

Answer 13

dna containing area of a prokaryotic cell, in cytoplasm

Question 14

what is phylogeny?

Answer 14

the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms, to classify organisms

Question 15

what are some examples of methods to classify organisms?

Answer 15

appearence & physical/chemical/biological features

Question 16

how is appearence used in phylogeny?

Answer 16

uses features that can be observed to classify, it is bias and subjective

Question 17

how is physical/chemical/biological features used in phylogeny?

Answer 17

uses scientific data that can be reproduced to classify, it is less bias and more rigorous (not observations)

Question 18

what is archaea

Answer 18

prokaryotic & single celled organisms with diverse ecological niches

Question 19

how is archaea similar to eukaryotes

Answer 19

they have similar protein translation and transcriptional paradigms to eukaryotes

Question 20

what are the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 20

Single or multi-cellular, high-order cellular functionality, larger in size.

Question 21

what is gram staining

Answer 21

a technique to characterize bacteria

Question 22

what are the features of a gram positive cell wall

Answer 22

thick peptidoglycan layer
LTA is a significant component

Question 23

what are the features of a gram-negative outer membrane

Answer 23

2nd lipid bilayer that contains polysaccharide
connected to core is o-specific polysaccharide
Lipid A is embedded in outer membrane

Question 24

what is the gram stain test for

Answer 24

used to classify bacteria into 2 broad categories, according to type of cell wall

Question 25

what does bacteria consist of a lot of ?

Answer 25

ribosomes for protein synthesis

Question 26

where does translation and transcription happen in bacterial cells

Answer 26

same compartment - unlike eukaryotes

Question 27

what is acid-fast bacteria

Answer 27

bacteria that resists decolorization with acids after staining

Question 28

what are mollicutes

Answer 28

smallest bacteria, small genomes, antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis does not work for treatment

Question 29

what is a bacterial ribosome?

Answer 29

a cytoplasmic particle composed of rRNA and protein

Question 30

what is the function of bacterial ribosomes

Answer 30

protein synthesis

Question 31

what are the subunits for bacterial ribosomes

Answer 31

30s and 50s

Question 32

what are the functions of the subunits in bacterial ribosomes?

Answer 32

30s: protein synthesis initiated 50s: 30s later joins with 50s =70s overall size

Question 33

what is a bacterial capsule

Answer 33

a dense, well defined polysaccharide or protein layer closely surrounding a cell

Question 34

function of bacterial capsule?

Answer 34

protection can promote colonization on host cells

Question 35

what is a bacterial endospore?

Answer 35

differentiated cells that are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation - generated to survive in difficult times

Question 36

what are endospores dispersed by

Answer 36

dispersed by wind, water, or animals

Question 37

what is bacterial flagella

Answer 37

structures that rotate (rotary motor powered)

Question 38

what is the function of bacterial flagellum

Answer 38

allows for quick and useful directional movement, requires energy for functionality

Question 39

what is flagellum recognized by

Answer 39

innate immune system - promotes an inflammatory/immune response

Question 40

what is MAMPS

Answer 40

microbial associated molecular patterns

Question 41

what is sanitation?

Answer 41

set of conditions that allow for clean drinking water and safe disposal of bodily excretions

Question 42

what is hygiene?

Answer 42

practice of cleanliness and techniques to prevent disease

Question 43

what is sterilization?

Answer 43

the killing or removal of all living organisms and viruses