Class 2 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Key features of C2 (the axis) (upper cervical spine)
• dens (a.k.a. the odontoid process)
• anterior articular facet
• TVP
• inferior articular facet for C3
• superior articular facet for atlas
• posterior articular facet
• spinous process (bifid)
• C2-C6 SPs are bifid
What passes through the transverse foremen?
Vertebral artery
Key features of (lower cervical spine (C3 - C7))
• SP (bifid from C2-C6)
• C7 SP – vertebra prominens
• lamina
• vertebral foramen
• pedicle
• TVP - anterior and posterior tubercles are connected by small strut of bone to form the TVP
• body
• area for articulation with uncinate process of C4 (next lower vertebra)
• transverse foramen
• inferior articular process and facet
• superior articular process and facet
• groove for spinal nerve (C4 used as an example)
• uncinate process – upward bony projections on the posterolateral rims of the
vertebral body
• upward projections articulate with next higher vertebra
• called the uncovertebral joints (a.k.a. joints of Lushka)
• joints provide stability in cervical spine
• prevent excessive lateral translation
• note on C6 that anterior tubercle is called carotid tubercle
Key features of the lumbar spine
• possess the characteristics of a typical vertebra
• massive vertebral bodies
• the largest vertebra is L5
• SPs are broad, thick, prominent, and horizontal
• landmark: a horizontal line drawn between tops of iliac crests landmarks L4 SP
Key features of sacrum and coccyx
• 5 fused vertebrae and IVDs
• base: top part, the WIDEST part
• apex: pointed inferior edge
• applies to both the sacrum and coccyx
Key features of the sacrum
• lumbosacral articular surface – articulation between L5 and sacrum (with L5-S1 disc in between)
• superior articular processes (with facets)
• ala (pl. alae) – the ‘wings’ of sacrum
• promontory
• anterior & posterior sacral foramina
• apex: bottom part
• pelvic surface is concave, dorsal surface is convex
• sacral canal
• sacral hiatus
• sacral cornu (horn)
• median sacral crest - fused remnants SPs
• lateral sacral crest – fused remnants of TVPs
• auricular surface
• coccyx 4 (varies 3-5) fused vertebrae
What is the lumbosacral joint?
• L5 articulates with S1
• cartilaginous (IVD)
What is the iliolumbar ligament?
• TVPs of L4 and L5 to posterior iliac crest
• key stabilizer of L5
• limits lateral flexion
What is the sacrococcygeal joint?
• apex of sacrum articulates with the base of coccyx
What is sacroiliac (SI) joint?
• auricular surface of the sacrum articulates with auricular surface of ilium
• synovial
• limited gliding and rotational movements are available
What are accessory ligaments to SI joint?
Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments are accessory ligaments to the SI joints
Anterior/Posterior Sacroiliac ligaments run from _____________ to ______________.
• ilium to sacrum
Interosseous Sacroiliac ligaments lies _________________ to the __________________.
• lies just anterior (deep) to the posterior SI ligaments
What is symphysis pubis?
• adjacent pubic bones with disc in between
The thorax surrounds and protects _______________________.
heart and lungs and some of the abdominal organs
Bony thorax consists of?
• 12 thoracic vertebrae (and their IVDs)
• 12 pairs of ribs
• sternum
• manubrium
• body aka Gladiolus
• xiphoid process
• all ribs articulate posteriorly with vertebral column and most articulate anteriorly with sternum (directly or indirectly)
Key features of thoracic spine
• normal characteristics of vertebra
• costal demi-facets on the vertebral body
• costal facets on the TVPs
• note SP that points down and back
What is the manubrium?
• jugular (a.k.a. sternal) notch
• on either side of jugular notch is an articular facet (clavicular notch) where manubrium articulates with clavicle
What is the body aka gladiolus?
• manubriosternal joint (sternal angle) (a.k.a. angle of Louis)
• landmark for rib 2
• along side of body are costal notches for articulation of costal cartilage
What is the xiphoid?
• the thin process inferior to the body
What are true ribs?
• ribs 1-7 are called ‘true’ ribs
• Have direct connection with sternum via their own costal cartilage
What are false ribs?
• ribs 8-12 are called ‘false’ ribs
• have an indirect connection with sternum (via 7th ribs costal cartilage)
What are floating ribs?
• 11 and 12 are also called floating ribs because they are unattached anteriorly
Key features of typical ribs?
• ribs 2-10
• ‘typical’ ribs have following characteristics: a head, neck, tubercle and shaft
• Head - 2 facets (superior and inferior) articulate with 2 vertebral bodies
• Neck - between the head and the tubercle
• Tubercle - articular facet (articulates with TVP)
• Shaft
• Rib angle
• Costal groove (for costal nerve)
