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AP Psychology - Self > Class 2 - Consciousness, Genetics, Evolution, Nervous, Endocrine, Brain > Flashcards

Class 2 - Consciousness, Genetics, Evolution, Nervous, Endocrine, Brain Flashcards

(99 cards)

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1
Q

Nervous system

A

body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network; uses neurotransmitters as mssengers

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2
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

carry info from tissues and sensory receptors to the central nervous system

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3
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

carry info from central nervous system to muscles and glands

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4
Q

Interneurons

A

within central nervous system; process info between sensory inputs and motor outputs

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5
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a stimulus

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls glands and internal-organ muscles; sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

arouses body and expands energy

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11
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms body, conserves energy; rest and digest

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12
Q

Endocrine system

A

body’s slower chemical communication system

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13
Q

Hormones

A

messengers made by glands, travel through bloodstream, and affect tissue

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14
Q

Pituitary gland

A

regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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15
Q

Oxytocin

A

hormones and a neurotransmitter that is involved in childbirth and breast-feeding; associated with empathy, trust, sexual activity, and relationship-building.

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16
Q

EEG

A

measure electrical activity in neurons

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17
Q

MEG

A

records magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical currents

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18
Q

CT (CAT)

A

generate x-ray of the head

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19
Q

PET

A

Tracks where radioactive glucose goes while the brain is performing a task

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20
Q

MRI

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide map of brain structure

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21
Q

fMRI

A

measures blood-flow to brain regions by comparing MRI scans; reveals function and structure

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22
Q

Brain stem

A

medulla and pons

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23
Q

Medulla

A

heartbeat and breathing

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24
Q

Pons

A

helps coordinate movements and control sleep

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25
Reticular formation
filters incoming stimulus and relays information; controls arousal
26
Thalamus
relays sensory information
27
Cerebellum
nonverbal learning; skill memory; coordinates voluntary movement and balance
28
Limbic system
amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus
29
Amygdala
linked to emotion
30
Hypothalamus
temperature, eating/drinking; controls pituitary glands; emotion/reward
31
Hippocampus
helps process/storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events
32
Cerebral cortex
frontal lobes, parietal lobes, occipital lobes, temporal lobes
33
Frontal lobes
speaking, muscle movements; making plans and judgments; prefrontal cortex, motor cortex
34
Parietal lobes
receives sensory input for touch and body position; somatosensory cortex
35
Occipital lobes
receive information from visual fields; visual cortex
36
Temporal lobes
receive information from auditory areas; auditory cortex
37
Association areas
not involved in primary motor or sensory functions, involved in higher mental functions; Broca and Wernicke area
38
Broca's area
speaking
39
Wernicke's area
understanding
40
Corpus Callosum
connects two cerebral hemispheres
41
Plasticity
the brain's ability to change
42
Neurogensis
the formation of new neurons
43
Left hemisphere
language and arithmetic reasoning
44
Right hemisphere
creative, perceptual tasks, making inferences
45
Split brain
a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemisphere
46
HEART experiment
HE and ART are flashed to different hemisphere
47
Spoon experiment
picture of spoon flashed to the right hemisphere
48
Consciousness
subjective awareness of ourselves and environment
49
Cognitive neuroscience
interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition
50
Dual processing
often simultaneously process info on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
51
Conscious and unconscious
conscious : deliberate and reflective | unconscious : automatic and intuitive
52
Blindsight
responding to a visual stimulus without consciously experiment it
53
Parallel processing
processing many aspects simultaneously
54
Sequential processing
processing one aspect at a time
55
Behavior genetics
studies the power/limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
56
Heredity
the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring
57
Environment
every non-genetic influence
58
Identical twins
develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two
59
Fraternal twins
develop from separate fertilized eggs
60
Heritability
proportion of variation among individuals in a group that can be attributed to genes
61
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression
62
Natural selection
inherited traits that better enables an organism to survive and reproduce will likely be passed on to the succeeding generations
63
Mutation
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
64
Fitness
ability to survive and reproduce
65
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
66
Circadian Rhythm
our biological clock, regular bodily rhythm that occur on a 24-hour cycle
67
Sleep
a periodic natural loss of consciousness (90-min)
68
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur (muscle relaxed, other body systems activie)
69
NREM sleep
non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except REM sleep
70
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences
71
Alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
72
Hypnagogic sensation
bizarre experience
73
Delta waves
large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep of NREM-3 (hard to awaken)
74
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm
75
Why sleep?
protects; helps recuperate, restore/rebuild memories/skills; feed creativity; growth
76
Insomnia
ongoing difficulty in falling or staying asleep
77
Narcolepsy
Uncontrollable/sudden sleep attacks (REM) at inopportune times
78
Sleep apnea
stopping breathing repeatedly during sleep; momentary awakenings
79
Sleepwalking and sleeptalking
sleeptalking can occur in any stage; sleepwalking happens in NREM-3 sleep
80
Night terrors
appearing terrified, talking nonsense, sitting or walkign in NREM-3 sleep
81
Dream
a sequence of images, emotions, and thought passing through a sleeping person's mind
82
Manifest content
dream's symbolic storyline
83
Latent content
underlying/hidden meaning
84
Dream Theory : Freud's wish-fulfillment
dreams preserve sleep and provide a "psychic safety valve" – expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest and latent content
85
Dream Theory : Information-processing
dreams help us sort out the day's event and consolidate our memories
86
Dream Theory : Physiological function
regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
87
Dream Theory : Activation-synthesis
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
88
Dream Theory : Cognitive development
dream content reflects cognitive development and stimulate lives
89
REM Rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
90
Psychoactive drugs
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
91
Substance use disorder
a disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
92
Tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
93
Withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow the discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior
94
Depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
95
Examples of depressants
1. alcohol 2. tranquilizers 3. opiates
96
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
97
Examples of stimulants
1. caffeine | 2. nicotine
98
Hallucinogens
psychedelic drugs that distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
99
Examples of hallucinogens
1. Near-death experience 2. LSD 3. THC

AP Psychology - Self (10 decks)

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