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AP Psychology - Self > Class 3 - Sensation and Perception, Hearing, Vision, other senses > Flashcards

Class 3 - Sensation and Perception, Hearing, Vision, other senses Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

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3
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

face blindness (cannot recognize faces)

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4
Q

Phonagnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar voice

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5
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

from body (sensory receptors) to mind (brain’s sensory integration)

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6
Q

Top-down processing

A

from mind to body; processing that is guided by higher-level mental processes

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7
Q

Selective attention

A

focusing our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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8
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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9
Q

Change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in environment

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10
Q

Psychophysics

A

studies relationship between characteristics of stimuli and experience of them

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11
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another; stimulus energies (light, sounds, smells) into neural impulses our brain can interpret

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12
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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13
Q

Difference threshold

A

minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time; just noticeable difference (jnd)

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14
Q

Signal detection theory

A

predicting how and when we detect a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise); assumes that there is no single absolute threshold

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15
Q

Subliminal

A

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

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16
Q

Priming

A

activation (often unconscious) of associations

ex. thing that comes to mind when you heard a word

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17
Q

Weber’s Law

A

to perceive difference, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant min % (not amount)

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18
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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19
Q

Perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another; perceive something in a different way base on what you have been surrounded by
ex. “meteorologies” vs “meaty urologist”

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20
Q

schemas

A

form through experiences that interpret unfamiliar info

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21
Q

Effect of context of perception

A

brightness contrast, effected by its own brightness as well as its surrounding’s

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22
Q

Effect of Motivation on Perception

A

desirable objects seem closer than they are

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23
Q

Effect of Emotion on Perception

A

emotions effecting our perceptions

ex. hearing sad music –> mourning vs morning / pain vs pane

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24
Q

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

can perception occur apart from sensory input? (controversial )
ex. telepathy (mind communication), precognition (future), clairvoyance (remote events)

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25
Q

Parapsychology

A

studies paranormal phenomena (ESP, psychokinesis)

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26
Q

Wavelength of light

A

hue; the dimension of color

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27
Q

Amplitude of wave

A

height of wave; intensity (amount of energy, influences brightness or loudness)

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28
Q

Cornea

A

the eye’s clear, protective outer layer, covering pupil and iris

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29
Q

Pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enter

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30
Q

Iris

A

a ring of muscle that forms the eye’s colored portion and controls the size of pupil opening

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31
Q

Lens

A

transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on retina

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32
Q

Retina

A

light-sensitive inner surface of the eye; has receptors (rods, cones) and layers of neurons

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33
Q

Accommodation

A

process by which eye’s lens change shape to focus near/far objects on retina

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34
Q

Eye-Brain pathway

A

retina –> optic nerve –> thalamus –> visual cortex (occipital lobe)

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35
Q

Rods

A

retinal receptors for peripheral and twilight vision; detect black, white, gray, movement

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36
Q

Cones

A

retinal receptors near retina’s center for well-lit conditions; detect details and color

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37
Q

Optic nerve

A

the nerve that carries neural impulses form the eye to the brain

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38
Q

Blind spot

A

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye (no receptor cells there)

39
Q

Fovea

A

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

40
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

retina has 3 types of color receptors, which produce color perception when stimulated in combination

41
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

opposing retinal processes enable color vision

ex. some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red

42
Q

Feature detectors

A

visual-cortex cells react to certain features

43
Q

Parallel processing

A

processing many aspects simultaneously

44
Q

Gestalt

A

an organized whole

45
Q

Gestalt psychologists

A

emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

46
Q

Figure-Ground

A

visual organization fo objects vs their surrondings

47
Q

Grouping

A

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

48
Q

Proximity

A

we group nearby figures together

49
Q

Continuity

A

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

50
Q

Closure

A

we fill in gaps to create complete, whole projects

51
Q

Depth perception

A

ability to see things in 3D through 2D images; allows us to judge distance

52
Q

Visual cliff

A

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals; a cliff stimulated with the use of glass

53
Q

Binocular cue

A

a depth cue that depends on the use of two eye

54
Q

Retinal disparity

A

a binocular cue for depth perception by comparing retinal images form 2 eyes

55
Q

Monocular cue

A

a depth cue that is available to either eye alone

56
Q

Examples of monocular cue

A
  1. relative height (height of objects)
  2. relative size (size of objects)
  3. interposition (objects blocking)
  4. relative motion (motion of objects)
  5. linear perspective (lines meeting in distance)
  6. light and shadow (shading produces depth)
57
Q

Motion perception

A

assume shrinking objects are retreating and enlarging objects are approaching

58
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

illusion of movement when adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

59
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

perceive X as unchanging even if illumination and retinal images change; constancies in color, brightness, shape, and size

60
Q

Perceptual adaptation

A

adjust to changed sensory input

61
Q

Audition

A

the sense or act of hearing

62
Q

Frequency of sound waves

A

number of wavelengths in a given time; creates different pitch

63
Q

Amplitude of sound waves

A

height of wave; loudness (measured in decibels)

64
Q

Ear-Brain pathway

A

outer ear –> eardrum –> middle ear (hammer/melleus, anvil/incus, stirrup/stapes) –> inner ear –> cochlea –> auditory nerve –> thalamus –> auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

65
Q

Middle ear

A

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea; three bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) concentrate eardrum vibrations on oval window

66
Q

Inner ear

A

innermost part of ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs

67
Q

Cochlea

A

a coiled , bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses; oval window –> basilar membrane –> hair cells (electrical signals)

68
Q

Hearing loss

A

prolong exposure above 85 decibels

69
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

nerve deafness; hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

70
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

71
Q

Cochlear implant

A

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

72
Q

Perceiving loudness

A

from the number of activated hair cells

73
Q

Perceiving pitch

A

combine Place theory and Frequency theory

74
Q

Place theory

A

pitch of sound links with the place where it cochlea’s (basilar) membrane is stimulated

75
Q

Frequency theory

A

temporal theory; the rate of nerve impulses raveling up the auditory nerve matches frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

76
Q

Perceiving location

A

use two ears

77
Q

Touch

A

mix of 4 skin senses : pressure, warmth, cold, and pain

78
Q

Pain : biological influences

A

spinal cord’s fibers, endorphin, brain interpretation; nociceptors detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals

79
Q

Gate-control theory

A

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass onto the brain

80
Q

Pain : psychological influences

A

attention/focus, learning/experiences, expectations

81
Q

Memory of pain tend to record…

A
  1. pain’s peak moment

2. pain feeling at the end

82
Q

Pain : social-cultural influences

A

presence of others, empathy for pain, cultural expectations

83
Q

Controlling pain

A

massage, exercise, relaxation, acupuncture, placebo, distraction, virtual reality

84
Q

Different taste

A
  1. sweet
  2. sour
  3. salty
  4. bitter
  5. umami
85
Q

Anosmia

A

inability to smell

86
Q

Pheromones

A

behavior altering agents

87
Q

Kinesthesia

A

movement sense; system for sensing position and movement of body parts

88
Q

Vestibular sense

A

our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

89
Q

Sensory interaction

A

one sense may influence another

ex. smell influence taste

90
Q

Embodied cognition

A

influence of bodily sensations/gestures/states on preferences and judgements

91
Q

Synesthesia

A

simulation of one sense triggers an experience of another

92
Q

Taste

A

Gustation

93
Q

Smell

A

Olfaction

AP Psychology - Self (10 decks)

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