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AP Psychology - Self > Class 5 - Memory, Cognition > Flashcards

Class 5 - Memory, Cognition Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of info

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2
Q

Recal

A

retrieve info learned earlier; fill-in-the blank test

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3
Q

Recognition

A

identify items previously learned; multiple choice test

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4
Q

Relearning

A

assess amount of time saved when learning materials again

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5
Q

Encoding

A

the process of getting information into the memory system

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6
Q

Storage

A

the process of retaining encoded information over time

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7
Q

Retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory storage

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8
Q

Parallel processing

A

processing many aspects simultaneously

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9
Q

Sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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10
Q

STM (short term memory)

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before information is stored/forgotten

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11
Q

LTM (long term memory)

A

relatively permanent and limitless memory storehouse

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12
Q

Working memory

A

a newer understanding of STM that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from LTM

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13
Q

Explicit memory

A

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know

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14
Q

Implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills/associations independent of conscious recollection

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15
Q

Effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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16
Q

Automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental and well learned info

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17
Q

Procedural memory

A

a type of implicit memory; knowing how to do things

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18
Q

Iconic memory

A

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

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19
Q

Echoic memory

A

momentary sensory of auditory stimuli

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20
Q

Chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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21
Q

Mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational device

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22
Q

Spacing effect

A

tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention

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23
Q

Testing effect

A

enhance memory after retieving

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24
Q

Shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

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25
Deep processing
encoding semantically, based on meanings; tends to yield the best retention
26
Semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge
27
Episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
28
Hippocampus
helps process explicit memories for storage
29
Memory condolidation
the neural storage of a long term memory
30
Flashbulb memory
a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
31
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
32
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
33
Encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
34
Mood-congruent memory
tendency to recall experiences consistent with one's current mood
35
Serial position effect
the tendency to recall the last and first items in a list
36
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
37
Retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve information from one's past
38
Proactive interference
the older learned information is interfering in learning of new information
39
Retroactive interference
the new information is learned and old information is forgotten
40
Repression
basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
41
Reconsolidation
process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
42
Misinformation effect
occurs when misleading info has distorted one's memory of an event
43
Source amnesia
faulty memory of how, when, or where info was learned or imagined
44
Cognition
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
45
Concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
46
Prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
47
Creativity
the ability to produce new and valuable ideas
48
Convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single bast solution
49
Divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
50
Algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
51
Heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
52
Insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; constrats with strategy-based solutions
53
Confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
54
Functional fixedness
a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object traditionally used
55
Fixation
inability to see problem form new perspective
56
Mental set
tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
57
Intuition
effortless, automatic feeling/thought
58
Representativeness heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
59
Availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
60
Overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct
61
Belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
62
Framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can affect decisions and judgements
63
Language
our spoken, written, or signed words the way we combine them to communicate meaning
64
Phoneme
the smallest distinctive sound unit; usually have no meaning
65
Morpheme
the smallest distinctive sound unit that carries meaning
66
Grammar
a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
67
Semantics
language's set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds
68
Syntax
set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
69
Babbling stage
spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
70
One-word stage
the stage in speech development when a child speaks mostly in single words
71
Two-word stage
when a child speaks mostly in two word statements
72
Telegraphic speech
child speaks like a telegraph ("go car") using mostly nouns and verbs
73
Aphasia
impairment of language
74
Broca's area
control language expression by directing muscle movements involved in speech; in left frontal lobe
75
Wernicke's area
a brain are involved in language comprehension and expression; in left temporal lobe
76
Linguistic determinism
the strong idea that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
77
Linguistic influence
weaker form of the idea that language affects thought

AP Psychology - Self (10 decks)

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